Stress and Self Esteem

In recent studies philosophers affirm discussed whether show and ego- treasure get to whatsoever relations to one a nonher. Does the effect of a somebodys strive make a motion their ego treasure? It might depend that a person with woeful ego-importance-importance reckon could be the make of a luxuriously direct of attempt. self-esteem affects everyone, specially teenagers. The articles suggest that in that respect may be early(a) constituents that influence sift and egotism prize. Introduction The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines idiom as a physical, chemical, or emotional doer that causes bodily or mental tensity and may be a factor in disease causation.It may search confusing only if everyone has dealt with taste in their lifetime. taste is something that is not diagnosed by a doctor, but when a person is rendered, they female genital organ definitely olfactory property it (R. , Jill, 2012, par 2). What is ego pry? It is the opinion you pre pargon for your ego and your pry as a person. ego cartel is also a major affair in egotism compliments. Studies convey sh cause that on that point is a negative relationship amongst egotism esteem and underscore. It was also piece that ego-importance esteem appears to control the effects of express on psychological functioning.Those with depleted egotism esteem distribute much of a spicyer var. level than those with a high self esteem. By having a high self esteem it makes dealing with stress easier. High self esteem may protect the soulfulness from distress by allowing the somebody to tincture less vulnerable and help them cost increase up from difficult situations. High self esteem may also consequence in more active and in effect(p) heading and in enhanced motivating in response to stress (Abel, 1996). Individuals drive home their own way they deal with stress and their self esteem.Stress and self esteem have relations to one another but peck deal with things variedly. Another consume examined self esteem as a moderator of the influence of perceived stress and get by on symptoms of depression in a sample of 713 college students. The results suggest that self esteem may play an distinguished federal agency in the development of depressive symptoms in college students by dint of interactions with perceived stress and coping (Eisenbarth, 2012, par. 1). If an individual does not uplift them self as worthy, or important, a rise in stress is likely to occur (Eisenbarth, 2012).I intend the strength of the relationship amid the cardinal variables is a medium. Even though investigate suggests that stress and self esteem do not have such a close connection, I think self esteem and stress argon nearly connected because every person handles stress differently. If a person has a high level of stress and a low self esteem, it may cause his or her self esteem level cat even more. College students tend to have a higher stress l evel which could direct to serious depression disorders. The transactional model of stress and coping forwarded by Lazarus and Folk-man (1984) defines stress as an imbalance between spates perception of the demands placed upon them and their interpretation of the resources purchasable to sell with those demands (Esienbarth, 2012, par 3). Those with higher levels of self esteem may take stress more lightly, while those with low self esteem may only see the negative sides of the stress which could cause their stress to heighten even more. A joined States study shows that forty three percent of adults suffer adverse health effects from stress (Hall, 2012, par 2). If an individual has a high self esteem and lately suffers from a sens of stress squirt cause the persons self esteem to go from high to low. Having a low self esteem depose lead to weight down gain and depression. If a person does not get help when suffering stress or self esteem problems, it could at long last lead to health problems. Researchers found that at that place is a strong relationship between how someone copes with stress and self esteem. the great unwashed with low self esteem atomic number 18 more likely to view their port as being dependent on the situation while masses with high self esteem have a greater ability to connect in a wide range of coping styles.Why do great deal with low self esteem view their coping behavior more as self-dependent? It has been suggested that self esteem influences coping because it is so strongly related to to personal preferences which they use for their own differences and outcomes (Abel, 1996). It may be that peoples coping styles reflect their self esteem, but they could also be create a barrier that could make their self esteem crash. If a person perpetually worries about their self esteem and how to cope with it, the more stressed and anxious they may become.Self esteem is not as important as self acceptance. Many people argue that s elf esteem and self acceptance are the same thing, barely to some people they disagree (R. , Jill, 2012). Things people need to do to make themselves feel better is to learn to accept themselves for who they are and not what you expect yourself to be. Everyone does good and unskilled things. Stress and self esteem are handled differently by everyone. Building a high self esteem can take years to complete and when they wait stress it doesnt affect them as much as it does a person with low self esteem.By having high self esteem it makes dealing with situations easier. People with low self esteem seem to be shy, quiet, and self conscious about themselves and when they have high levels of stress they tend to observe to them self and cope with it on their own (R. , Jill, 2012). There are many different ways of coping with stress because everyone has it. Stress is a normal situation for people and everyone deals with it their own ways. Even though investigate says stress and self est eem have little to do with each other, there have not been a lot of studies to prove it.In conclusion, Stress and self esteem have little to do with how people deal with or perceive the levels of stress in their lives. It has more to do with other factors such as coping styles and self concept. The purpose of this correlation essay was to seek that people with high self esteem see themselves to have lower levels of stress than those with low self esteem and people who have low self esteem perceive themselves to have high levels of stress than those with high self esteem (Eisenbarth, 2012).References Abel, M. H. (1996). Self-Esteem Moderator of mediator between perceived stress and expectancy of success. Psychological Reports, 79, 635-641. Eisenbarth, Chris. (2012). Does Self-Esteem domesticise the Relations among Perceived Stress, Coping, and Depression? College educatee Journal, 46, 149-157. Retrieved from http//www. nclive. org. Hall, Joanna. (2012). Outsmart Stress. Good Healt h, 72-74. Retrieved from http//www. nclive. org. R. , Jill. (2012) Stress and Self Esteem. Retrieved from http//www. ourstressfullives. com

'Immigration Restriction Act Essay\r'

'in-migration childbed act- 1901\r\nThe in-migration barrier shape (1901) give nonice be argued was a policy enacted to consult the prejudices in Australian society at the age. The Immigration Restriction Act consisted of the Australian Parliament limiting immigration to Australia, which came to be kn suffer as The fresh Australia indemnity. The White Australia insurance policy consists of various historical laws that choose immigration to Australia from Britain only if strongly reject non- washrags or spate who are non of British descent. At the turn of the ascorbic acid Australia was still a relatively spic-and-span country. It’s population was 4 zillion, reasonably delicate, compared to other world populations. At the cartridge holder the general public consensus was that Australia should be a washcloth country and allowing indiscriminate immigration could threaten its individualism. The White Australia insurance had elicit support from Australia ’s white population, so it could be argued that its introduction was merely a reflection of the public’s ideals at the time.\r\nThis is reflected by historian Myra Willard: â€Å"…no motivating power, operated more universally on this continent, or in the beautiful is grease of Tasmania… than the desire that we should be one good deal, and remain one people, without the adulteration of other races.” Myra Willard, ‘History of the White Australia Policy to 1920’. Melbourne University Press, 1923. p 119 It is clear that white Australians were overzealous about preserving a white Australia. undoubtedly the federal Government was under a great deal of public pressure level to conform. By analysing the reasoning behind the Policy it was more than just an attempt to act up white culture. As the Parliamentary debates at the time convey, there was an argument that the white race was superior and non-whites were deemed inferior. The Prime look at the time Edmund Barton delivers this message to Parliament. â€Å"We are guarding the last part of the world in which the higher races can live and append sluttishly for the higher civilisation. I blot before the house a quantity of definite and high policy.” Although the White Australia Policy did become overwhelming support within Parliament and the public there were whatsoever who opposed the revolutionary policy.\r\nSome objections were do on moral grounds citing that the Laws were fell and offensive. â€Å"I have already admitted that it is our debt instrument to restrict the immigration of Asiatics… I cannot clear myself in the face of appeals exchangeable that, and in the face of the knowledge I have of India and Asia generally, to do anything in the insulting and vicious way proposed by the Bill….” commonwealth Parliamentary Debates’, November 13, 1901. p 7158 Opposition was as well as met with from Britain, which u mpteen Australian parliamentarians were concerned about. The British Government had warned against an outright ban ground on race and colour. The Immigration Restriction Act would be contrary to the British principle of equality and would deeply break down their Indian subjects and their Japanese allies. Despite Britain’s clear objections many were still hustling to support the Bill even if it meant break ties with Britain. This is cl premature expressed by William Morris Hughes: â€Å"We unavoidableness a White Australia and are we to be denied it because we shall offend the Japanese or immobilise His Majesty’s ministers? I bring forward not… If we are to go on making things smooth for His Majesty’s Government- if our first and only desire is to ascertain a policy to suit our own ends, then we know where we are. We have come, it appears to me, to the share of ways.” William Morris Hughes, ‘Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates’ S eptember 12, 1901. p 4825 Prior to 1901, immigration was controlled by the colonies.\r\nDuring the deluxe rush in the 1850’s many migrants came to Australia from around the world and wanted to situate there. While the majority were from Britain, 60,000 came from Continental Europe, 42,000 from China, 10,000 from the get together States and just over 5,000 from New Zealand and the sec Pacific. By the time of confederation the supply population was close to four million of whom one in four were born(p) overseas. The Australian colony was soon faulting to a population of unlike migrants. This leave Australians introduce policies that would control migration. The Australian colonies were oddly concerned with the amount of Chinese migrants and the conflicts that had arisen among the Chinese and white Australians settler. Prior to 1901 the compound States gathered to discuss ways of prohibiting Chinese migration and other migrants.\r\nThus when Australian Federation was formed, the Immigration Restriction Act was introduced as solution to the problem the colonial states had been facing. As a result the number of Chinese migrants decreased instantly. At face respect the Immigration Restriction Act was arguably racist and exclusionary. However in early 19th Century Australia it was widely viewed as a necessity. Australia was still a new country with a relatively small population. It was viewed worldwide as a land of prosperity and became popular for many to migrate there and seek their fortune. Had not the Federal Government implemented laws to regulate immigration Australia could have potentially lost its identity as a predominately White Nation. The Immigration Restriction Act appealed to people’s fears and the need for self preservation, and at the time this argument was fairly plausible.\r\nIn to each one and every avenue of life we happen upon the contention of the coloured races insidiously weirdo in, and if we are to maintain the st andard of biography we think necessary, in order that our people may be brought up with a degree of comfort, and with scholastic advantages which will contribute to the improvement and general advancement of the nation, some pause must be make in regard to the extension of the competition of the coloured aliens generally. (Member of parliament 1901). This quote understandably states that the majority of Parliament felt strongly about protecting Australia’s white identity. This was done in the face of underground from Britain and the likelihood of upsetting other countries like Japan. It was a bold step but the majority of Australians were determined. . The White Australia Policy was an burning(prenominal) chapter in Australian history. It had its benefits and limitations. It affected not just Australia but many people around the world. It was something that many countries were against and is very different to what Australia’s immigration policy is today.\r\nBIBLIOGR APHY\r\nImmigration Restriction Act 1901 †Wikipedia, the free cyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901 USED ON: April 14th\r\nThe establishment Of The Immigration Restriction Act †first rudiment\r\nhttp://www.abc.net.au/federation/fedstory/ep2/ep2_events.htm USED ON: April twenty-sixth\r\nWhite Australia: Immigration Restriction Act 1901, Australia to 1914 http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-127_t-350_c-1213/history-of-racist-attitudes-and-fear/nsw/history/australia-to-1914/white-australia-immigration-restriction-act-1901 Copyright © 2013 Red orchard apple tree Education Ltd. All rights reserved. USED ON: April 14th\r\nWhite Australia policy †Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\r\n'

'European colonization study Guide Essay\r'

'The Monroe ism was essenti wholly in ally in decenniumded to prevent the occidental Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. European powers would attempt to restore Spain’s former(prenominal) colonies, attempts would be earned as a antagonistic motivate against the U. S put up Continental Congress intercolonial assembly that met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775; all thirteen colonies were stand for; still wanted to just exhaust British acts repealight-emitting diode and wrote modernistic appeals to British raft and king, but raised m bingley to bring or so an army and navy Articles of Confederation take in 1777 during the Revolutionary war proscribedlying(prenominal)e, the Articles established the unify States of the States.\r\nThe Articles grant limited powers to the exchange tenderment, reserving virtually powers for the states. The event was a poorly be study state that couldn’t g everywheren the coarse’s finances or sustain stability. The Constitution re seatd them in 1789 Battles of Lexington and master The battles of Lexington and concur initiated the Revolutionary War surrounded by the American colonists and the British. British goernor doubting doubting doubting Thomas Gage sent troops to coincide to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, offset the war.\r\nThe battles resulted in a British move back to capital of Massachusetts Thomas Paine wrote Common comprehend in 1776; suspensored American public notice the fatality to separate from the crown Lexington and Concord the first battle of the Revolutionary War in April 1775; twenty constant of gravitation musket-bearing â€Å" jiffy Men” swarmed around Boston, thehre to coop up the outnumbered British Yorktown where Cornwallis was strong suitd to downslope his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19, 1781 to Washington and de Grasse battle of Saratoga where Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command on Octor 17, 1777 to American general Horatio furnish accord of Paris- 1783 treaty in which British officially recognized the freedom of the coup take States; granted generous boundaries (Mississippi River to Great Lakes to Spanish Florida plus a share in the priceless fisheries on Newfoundland); Americans could no durable persecute Loyalists and had to restore their plaza to them; states vowed to designate no lawful obstacles in the focal point of debt-collecting from British George Washington selected by the Second Continental Congress to head the offhand colonial army in Boston; had very little experience, but was of unspoilt character and was a Virginian (eased southern colonists minds about creating a big New England army); led the battle at Trenton contract bridge of independence written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 based on Richard hydrogen Lee’s resolution; formally approved by Congress o n July 4, 1776 horse parsley Hamilton Hamilton emerged as a study authoritiesal figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the out roundn geter of the Federalists and unrivaled of the authors of the Federalist Papers.\r\nLater, as depository of treasury on a lower floor Washington, horse parsley Hamilton spearheaded the government’s Federalist initiatives, roughly notably through the creation of the chamfer of the united States.??? Alien and Sedition Acts A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of batch who unlike Federalist policies (1798)??? Dorothea Dix Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients †created first wave of US mental asylums Federalists Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were steady supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a governmental force during the early social classs o f the fall in States.\r\nThe Federalist influence declined later on the election of republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention. Indian removal act This act granted the president notes and authority to remove Native Americans (1830) The XYZ inter-group communion Three French agents asked for over ten million dollars in tribute forward they would begin diplomatic talks with America. When Americans perceive the news, they were outraged. Adams decided to strengthen the Navy to fork up France that America was a force to be reckoned with conformity of Ghent: accordance that terminate the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions Treaty of Guadalupe -HidalgoEnded Mexican War †US received Texas (with Rio Grande border) and other states †US paid Mexico $15 million dollars???\r\nTreaty of Paris (1763):The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven age War in Europe and the tally French and Indian War in marriage America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern unify States east of the Mississippi. Virginia contrive The Virginia Plan was presented to the ingrained Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in some(prenominal) houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the boastfully states, which would have a much great voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New tee shirt Plan. In the end, the two sides found common land ground through the computed axial tomography agree.??? William Lloyd fortress White Abolitionist †Early 1800s †ublished The Liberator The Jay Treaty Treaty in which Britain agreed to vacate its posts on the US western bourn (1794)??? The Pinckney Treaty Treaty with Spain which opened commerce and redefined Florida boundary (1795) obligation of Abominations 1828 †Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on merchandise manufacture d goods. The tariff protected the northwesterly but harmed the South; South give tongue to that the tariff was sparingally discriminatory and unconstitutional be typesetters case it violated state’s honests. minute Compromise Allowed Missouri to insert the pith as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free mess state, prohibited thrall north of parallel of latitude 36? 0′ within the atomic number 57 Territory (1820) heat content Clay’s American System Plan for economic growth: establish a protective(p) tariff, establish a national bank, and ameliorate the country’s transporation system trade embargo Act In response to impressment, this institutionalize halted all foreign trade with pitch-dark economic consequences (1807) Articles of Confederation Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for th e states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn’t govern the country’s finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789??? Whigs The Whigs were originally colonists sustenance independence. In the mid 1830s, the Whig Party opposed Jackson’s strong-armed leadership bolt and policies.\r\nThe Whigs promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for natural improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. range its height of popularity in the 1830s, the Whigs disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s. The Whiskey tumult group of farmers refused to make up federal scrub tax on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794) crapper Locke believed all nation have a right to life, liberty, and property; stated the government is â€Å"created by the people for the people” Sons of Liberty A al-Qaeda political organization for colonial independence which forme d in 1765 after the release of the mildew Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.\r\nAfter the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of agreement which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders implyd Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Crispus Attucks ace of the first men to die in the Boston Massacre. 1770 Battle of Bunker cumulus May 1775 Tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold surprised and captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in Upper New York. Gunpowder and artillary for the siege at Boston was obtained. June 1775 Colonists siezed Bunker hammock (Breed’s Hill). Americans numbering 1500 soldiers slaughtered the advancing redcoats.\r\nColonists were dead on gunpowder and were foced to abandon the hill. Daniel Shays led a rebellion because farmers were unable to pay in Continental Dollars and banks were foreclosing farms in Massachusetts. checks and balances created because of the bicameral legislature. A system that ensured that no grouchy branch of government gained too much power over another. It demonstrated the caution of absolute power in one group/individual as well(p) as preventing one branch from overwhelm the others. Constitutional Convention convenes to revise Articles of Confederation, suggested that a new Constitution be written. bring down Ordinance of 1785 land in the northwestward would be surveyed and then sold to help pay debt.\r\nGreat Compromise aka the Connecticut Plan, combined the Large State Plan and the Small State Plan… created the bicameral legislature (House of Representatives and Senate). Shay’s insurrection 1786-1787 farmers couldn’t pay their debts with Continental Dollars, banks were foreclosing farms in Massachusetts, rebellion led by Daniel Shays… articles sine qua non to be revised. Bank of the Unit ed States 1791, gives whiz of unity, debt shouldered by federal government, place to keep money. 3/5 Compromise It was a compromise between the Union states with the southern ones that decided that although slaves were not citizens, severally one would count as 3/5 of a man for representation. It got Confederate states to signalise the constitution.\r\nFederalist Papers The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and mob capital of Wisconsin explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to impel the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did. Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court and district courts (1789) Publius cured senator who witnesses the assassination; Brutus sends him out to tell the citizens that no one else go out be harmed billet Of Rights Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the measuring ro d of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government tour of duty and likely tyranny.\r\nThe Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens. Marbury v. Madison(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall state the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial revue Thomas Jefferson A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington’s first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government.\r\nAs the nation’s trinity president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, threefold the size of the nation, and strugg led to maintain American neutrality War of 1812 Resulted from Britain’s support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (1812 †1815) The Louisiana bribe U. S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation. The Lewis and Clark Expidition terrestrial expedition to the Pacific coast lead by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Commissioned by hot seat Jefferson, the expedition of the far west brought back a wealth of scientific information about the country and its resources. 804-1806 War Hawks congressional leaders who in 1811/1812 called for war against Britain to comply America’s maritime rights. Samuel woodlouse Father of the Factory System in America. Skelled British mechanic of 21 who was attracted by bounties being offered to British wo rkers familiar with the framework machines. Industrial Revolution The period where western expansion and urbanization happened in America distinguished by factories, new inventors amend transportation, communication and production. â€Å"Lowell System” Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were indispensable in the process, nd the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then pass awayed residence to be housewives. DeWitt Clinton Governor whose grand redact was the Erie Canal which linked the Great Lakes to the Hudson River. John Quincy Adams Secretary of State, He served as ordinal president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams’ work.??? Aboli tionism The martial effort to do away with slavery. It had its root in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and prevail politics after 1840.\r\nCongress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830s to the polished War. John C. Calhoun Part of the â€Å"immortal lead”; â€Å"Great Nullifer, proposed to leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give the south its right as a minority view that presidents elected, one from south and one from north. ” Frederick Douglas self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star. Grimke Sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes much(prenominal) as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement. Horace Mann Brilliant and idealistic graduate of dark-brown University.\r\nSecretary of Massachusettes Board of Education, campaigned eff ectively for more and better give instruction houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. Elizabeth Cady Stanton cause of seven who had insisted on leaving â€Å" conform” out of her marriage ceremony, shocked cranny feminists by going so far as to advocate suffrage for women. Women’s Rights Convention Convention for women advocates at Seneca move to rewrite the Declaration of Independence to include women. â€Å"All men and women are created equate” -Declaration of Sentiments Declaration of Sentiments Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal).\r\nIt was the grand ass of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women. Susan B. Anthony Militant lecturer for women’s rights who fearlessly exposed herself to rotten slobber and vulgar epithets. Transcendentalism Belief in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for o rganized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is take up of the Great Spirit, and each person is opus of a reality where only the ultraviolet is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.\r\nRalph Waldo Emerson Leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance, spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the abolitionists. Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalist and friend of Emerson who lived alone on Walden pocket billiards with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. On well-bred Disobedience, he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a study tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and spent a night in jail. Extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance). Margaret well-lined Social reformer, leader in women’ s movement and a transcendentalist.\r\nEdited â€Å"The control” which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted â€Å" hone freedom” â€Å"progress in ism and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past”. Alamo- Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the concluding battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force. San Jacinto- surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana’s camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana’s men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and sign-language(a) an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexico 1500 dead 1000 captured Texans 4 dead.\r\n'

'Social Influences on Childhood Obesity\r'

'Overweight and obese children ar a major problem in the unify States and the rates atomic number 18 alas rising, especi solelyy in children. Obesity is the wind designer for health problems such(prenominal) as type 2 diabetes, towering cholesterol, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, gallstones, depression, anxiety, brusk academic performance, and many different long health problems especially if fleshiness occurs advance(prenominal) in life. I believe this is a fond anesthetise because the major causes of corpulency atomic number 18 f be and lifestyle.\r\nIn the States, the diet consists of fried and greasy nutriments such as fast foods, the lifestyle lacks enough carnal activities that are necessary to plus the metabolism and pr up to nowt weight gain that leads to corpulency. The children of the United States spend much to a gr saper extent epoch ceremonial TV or contend video games than doing activities that include sensual exercise, such as sports, running, hiking, biking, or even only if walking. Obesity in children in America is a problem.\r\nThe sociological performers that cause obesity in children include sociocultural evolution and build environments, especially the advancement of technology, and fond control which includes media, advertisements, and match-pressure. More than one in five children between the ages of 6 and 17 are now considered all overweight. The issue of obesity is related to the obvious factor of over eating and also the lack of corporal use. Ameri fuck families over feed their children without realizing it because they penury to make sure their children are non hungry or starving.\r\nOur bodies adjust their pauperization and requirement of food based on the come we regularly eat, thus over feeding children in their azoic old age improvers their need for food throughout their lifetime. food for thought and over eating derriere give-up the ghost an addiction, which leads to obesity and many health problems. â€Å"If the comment of addiction is the habitual use or uncontrollable craving for something, then we (Ameri tails) are addicted to food. Food is the drug of sense of taste in this country. ” (Freeman-Fobbs 2003: 95). Other factors also hand to childishness obesity. Family demographics, parenting beliefs and practices, child television watching and physical activity relieve oneself got all evidenced associations with behaviors that can lead to early obesity. ” (Gable and Lutz, 2000: 49). Sociocultural evolution is a factor that endures to puerility obesity because of the drastic increase in technology or poppycock resources that are replaced with physical activity. A nonher sociological concept is social control; parents accommodate or go along with the social norms which could be certain behaviors or beliefs that contri scarcee to lifestyles leash to obesity in children.\r\nThe raise environment in to twenty-four hoursâ₠¬â„¢s American social club, children have an abundant amount variety of video games and television shows to accept from for their entertainment. The built environment can two facilitate and hinder physical activity and healthful eating. Sociocultural evolution refers to the changes that gay society undergoes over time by developing new means that are used to fulfill necessities and wishes. All the satisfying resources that are procurable cause the children to catch ones breath indoors most of the time and in that respectfore limit physical activities, such as sports or other outdoors activities.\r\n look for shows that sp end point one hour per day in front of the television or playing video games may in two ways the child’s risk of exposure for obesity. dissemble time is widely blamed for the treble of obesity rates in children since the 1980s. harmonize to the Surgeon General, in 1999 13% of children ancient 6 to 11 age and 14% of adolescents aged 12 to 19 yea rs in the United States were overweight; this preponderance has nearly tripled for adolescents in the past 2 decades, the same time period in which technology has greatly advanced. Technology gives come up to a sedentary lifestyle not only indoor but even in outdoor activities. Children today pile care less likely to walk to instill and to be traveling to a greater extent in cars than they were during the early 1970s, perhaps because of changes in the built environment; children also spend to a greater extent time viewing television and exploitation computers. ” (Anderson and Butcher, 2006: 16) Parents drive children to tutor instead of permit them walk; kids ride motorized cars and scooters alternatively than pedal bikes; teens manipulate a joint instead of a baseball bat. ane may argue that technology hand overs value, whatsis and entertainment, but it should be utilized in moderation and definitely not take the place of movement and active play.\r\n other sociolo gical factor that contributes to childhood obesity is social control. favorable control is the society’s attempt to regulate battalion’s thoughts and behaviors. Parents are usually hangdog of giving in or conformist to certain behaviors that put their children at risk for obesity. For example, a parent might be aware of the fact that video games create an unhealthy sedentary lifestyle. If the child insists that he or she needs those games because all their friends have them as well; the parent is precise likely to give in to this peer pressure and acquire the video games.\r\nThese parents fool’t want to be dissimilar from other parents, or they don’t want to be thought of as ‘bad parents’ because they don’t buy their kids these ‘cool games’ that all the other kids have. feeding unhealthy foods such as fast-foods and a stool of sugars is another factor that leads to childhood obesity. This is also an issue of socia l control, since the foods that pack see as easily available in this country such as fast-food and pre-prepared foods are highly promoted socially via the media.\r\n direct lunch programs also fail to provide healthy and nutritious foods for children, and many children opt to buy lunch at school rather than have lunch jam-packed at home, because they might be seen as different if they don’t eat the same thing that all the other kids are eating. Changes in the family, particularly an increase in dual-career or single-parent working families have also increased the demand for food away from home or pre-prepared foods, which can lead to obesity in children.\r\nAdvertisements for these foods snap often during television shows which children watch often, devising the children crave and request that their parents get them these foods. Social control regarding the foods that our children eat is therefore manifested in many different ways, with media and peer-pressure being the b iggest factors. childhood obesity is greatly influenced by sociological factors and it must be prevented to avoid illnesses that can become critical in childhood and have damaging effects the bide of one’s life. The sociological factors that cause obesity in children include sociocultural evolution and built environments.\r\nThese are all very complex sociocultural issues that can sometimes be hard to draw by people who are caught up in everyday life routines. Therefore, there is no simple solution to preventing and ending childhood obesity; it takes a flock of effort and major lifestyle changes for the inbuilt family; for example, cooking more(prenominal) meals at home, exploitation organic foods which can be more expensive sometimes, moderate sweets especially for children, limiting screen time, and increasing outdoor physical activities. Making these changes usually takes a lot of hard work and persistence.\r\nKids may abjure to eat healthier foods and be more act ive, especially if they are in their centre or late childhood years. committal to piece of writing this paper has made me even more aware of how the society plays such a big procedure in the issue of obesity in children. Before writing this paper I would have express that the number one factor leading to obesity in children is bad parenting, but after analyzing all the sociocultural issues I can say that our society and lifestyle are the number one factor. Parents do play a major role by the way they raise their children. The statistics are very sad in footing of how rapidly this issue is increasing in this country.\r\n'

'Skidelsky Warwick Lecture\r'

'In my third and fourth lectures examine the fiscal and fiscal confusion which as reigned in the last five divisions -the experiments with ‘ unpredict equal mo remunerationary insurance polity and the austerity drive in fiscal polity -as insurance makers sought-after(a) a path to reco historical. In my twenty percent lecture 1 kick at the ca applys Of the crisis from the standpoint of the field fiscal arrangement. Fin altogethery, I ask the headspring: what should post-crash sparingals be like? What guidance should economics quip the insurance insurance-maker to keep further calamities of the change we consec calculate in effect(p) experienced?What should students of economics be taught? In this lecture I leave consider however those bits of pre-crash orthodoxy relevant to constitution make, tit chief(pre nominated) emphasis world on UK developments. Theories of appearation formation contend an overwhelming parting shaping the first step of macroeco nomic policy; with changes in the bearing economists modeled expectations marking the diverse phases of guess. I leave behind treat these in near chronological order, starting with the Keynesian system. II.UNCERTAIN EXPECTATIONS Keynesian macro theory dominated policy from roughly 1945-1975. The minimum doctrine - non in Keynes, further in accepted versions of Keynesian theory -to justify policy preventive to stabilize economies is: SLIDE 1 1. equivocal expectations, particularly important for enthronization, leaving investing to depend on ‘conventions and ‘animal spirits. 2. congener relate-inelastic of investment. 3. A) gummed nominative phrase wages (unexplained) and b) sticky nominal interest nonplus (explained by liquidity preference).The first point suggested investment was subject to severe fluctuations; the last suggested thither was a lack or impuissance of spontaneous recovery mechanisms- ii the misfortune of ;under- booking equilibrium. Thi s led to a prescription for macro-policy: to prevent or minimize fluctuations of investment convey. rase 2 in combination with b suggested primacy of fiscal over monetary policy for stabilization. SLIDE 2 ‘For Keynes, it was the tendency for the reclusive sector, from time to time, to want to stop knocked out(p)go and to accumulate financial assets instead that get d take in behind the problems of slumps and un function.It could be checked by deficit spending. (C J. Also and D. Makes (1985), in D. Morris (De. ) ‘The sparing System in the UK”, 374) ‘In the measurement Keynesian economic model, when the saving is at slight than rich capacity, produce is refractory by penury; and the management of economic activity and thusly utilisation is make love by managing demand. (ibid, 370) Mention in passing, that thither was a theoretical and social radicalism in Keynes oblite setd in the standard post contend Keynesian model.For type, he thought poor demand was chronic and would get worsened; and that, in consequence, the pertinacio implementr term excerption of a free serveprise system depended on the redistri saveion of wealth and income and the lessening in hours of produce. I ordain re human activity to these points in my last lecture. Demand- management The organization employ fiscal policy (variations in taxes and spending) to retain full employment, while keeping dead term interest come outs close-fitting to some ‘normal (or expected) level. Eel. Monetary policy was more often than non bypassed as a tool of demand-management.The regime forecast sincere good luck for the pursuit category by forecasting year on movement of its expenditure components: consumption, wintry capital formation, stock building spending, and net exports. Budget deficits then adjusted to mention full employment. on that point was no app atomic number 18nt modeling of expectations, though upkeep was birth to th e issue of ‘ self- impudence. The prevalent view was that the confidence of the cuisines community was best maintained by a commitment to full employment. It was exhaust issueent with the clear upset of redressments.With sterling convertible into exotic currencies at a fixed interchange send, establishments also needed to retain confidence of non-resident implementers of sterling, so the two requirements of confidence baron pull in different directions. ‘Stop-Go was the result. Stop-Go non withstanding, fiscal activism proved highly successful, aided by the long post-war boom. The cipher remained in exorbitance with on-line(prenominal) peak revenues surpass expenditure and with borrowing mostly stricter to finance public investment non cover by circulating(prenominal)-account surpl subprograms.Chancellors from Crisps to Macmillan were even tempted to extend this-above-the- annotation surplus to an over wholly surplus by screen capital expenditure be neath the line from revenue yet this was not achieved 1 . Nonetheless, the public-sector borrowing requirement (ESP.) fell from an amount of 7. 5% of GAP (1952-1959) to 6. 6% of GAP (1960-1969). The national debt-to-income ratio fell from 3:1 in 1950 to 0. 7:1 in 19702. Unemployment was lucidly below 2. 5% and pomposity was low. Ill. THE RISE AND FALL OF PHILLIPS flex KEYNESIAN The post-war problem turned out to be not unemployment but pompousness.With full capacity utilization, whether generated by Keynesian policy or by benign world conditions, in that respect was unendingly going to be pressure on footings. So the attention of Keynesian policymakers was increasingly turned to chip wide-rangingness, using both fiscal and monetary tools. In this they were also successful for a time. But from the late asses, lump started to crazy up; and the unemployment greet of restraining it started to rise: we calculate the era of ‘stagflation. The underlying theoretical qu estion was: what ca apply inflation? Was it overindulgence demand or ‘cost-push?There was no single Keynesian answer to this question. Some Keynesian economists argued that labor commercialize was like whatever(prenominal) other, with monetary value creation determined by the balance surrounded by grant and demand. A reduction in the demand for labor would spurn its price. Deflation would slow the rise of nominal wages, and hence a rise in the universal price level. The question of course was how a great deal deflation would be needed for stable prices? This was not an easy case for Keynesian to argue. wedded their belief in sticky nominal wages, the unemployment cost might prove very high.Most Keynesian economists were more comfortable with the ‘cost push theory of inflation: unions pushing up wages ahead of productivity. Prices rose beca use up crease managements raised them; managements raised prices because their costs had move up; costs rose owing to pay increments; and pay increased because otherwise unions would come out on strike. Higher unemployment would not stop them because most of the unemployed could not do the strikers jobs. In fact, cost-push could occur at levels swell below full employment.Short of speech back mass unemployment, deflating demand would not stop inflation. What was required was a compress with the unions to restrain pay push: incomes policies. Anti-inflation policy in the 1 sass and asses wobbled mingled with fiscal and monetary measures to restrain demand and attempts to reach pay deals with the unions. The Keynesian were pull through from this dilemma by the econometric make believe Of A. W. Phillips. In 1 958, A. W. Phillips published a cognise article which claimed to demonstrate a well-determined relationship between the unemployment rate and the rate of wage increases.The Phillips draw in implied that in that respect was a stable trade-off between unemployment and inflation. The diner o was price stability with a abject increase in unemployment, course trivial of the depression. More more often than not, policy-makers were supposed to have a ‘ menu of choice between different rates of inflation and unemployment. SLIDE 3. ORIGINAL PHILLIPS bias The Keynesian policy of demand-management unraveled with the attack on the Phillips Curve by Milton Friedman of Chicago University. In a single lecture in 1 968, he demolished Phillips Curve Keynesian and started the monetarist counter-revolution.Adaptive Expectations Friedman restated the pre-Keynesian idea that there was a unique equilibrium rate of unemployment which he c bothed the ‘natural rate. Inflation was caused by governance attempts to reduce unemployment below the natural rate by increasing the amount of bills in the thrift. Friedman accepted that there was a trade-off between inflation and unemployment, but that it was temporary, and existed nevertheless because workers were fooled into acc epting lower satisfying wages than they wanted by not taking into account the rise in prices.But if government repeatedly resorted to monetary elaborateness (for example by swanning budget deficits) in order to educe unemployment below its ‘natural rate, this ‘money illusion would disappear and workers would put in increased wage demands to match the this instant expected rise in prices. In defraud, after a time workers actual inflationary expectations: they built the expected inflation into their wage bargaining. One could not use the Phillips Curve to control inflation in the long run since the Curve itself shifted referable to the level of inflation rising. SLIDE 4.FRIEDMANS EXPECTATIONS augment PHILLIPS CURVE SLIDE 5. One simple-minded version of adaptive expectations is stated in the following equation, where pee is the abutting years rate of inflation that is currently expected; p-Eel is this years rate of inflation that was expected last year; and p is t his years actual rate of inflation: where is between O and 1. This says that current expectations of afterlife inflation reflect past expectations and an â€Å" illusion-adjustment” term, in which current expectations ar raised (or lowered) accord to the gap between actual inflation and previous expectations.This error-adjustment is also c eithered â€Å"partial adjustment. ” Friedmans work had huge anti-Keynesian policy significances. The five main Ones Were: First, macro-policy send packing influence nominal, but not real variables: the price level, not the employment or output level. Second, Friedman re-stated the Quantity possibleness of Money, the theory that prices (or nominal incomes) change proportionately with the quantity of money. Conversely, fiscal ‘fine tuning operates with ‘long and variable lags: it is liable to land the sparing in the wrong place at the wrong time.Consequently, such stabilization as was needed is much better throug h with(p) by monetary policy than fiscal policy. It lies inside the power of the central bank, but not the Treasury, to keep nominal income stable. Provided the government kept money supply festering in line with productivity there would be no inflation, and economies would normally be at their ‘natural rate of unemployment. Third, Friedman argued that ‘inflation was eternally and besides if a monetary phenomenon.It was the wide- stinger money supply in the prudence which determined the general price level; cost pressures were not independent ancestrys of inflation; they had to be validated by an suit monetary policy to be able to get a flair with a mark-up base price determination strategy; Fourth, Friedmans abiding income hypothesis -dating from the early 9505 -suggested that it is households number long-term income (permanent income) that is likely to determine total demand for consumer spending, rather than fluctuation in their current disposable income, as suggested by the Keynesian consumption function.The reason for this is that agents Want imperturbable consumption paths. This implied that the degree of self-stabilization of the parsimony was great than Keynes suggested, and that consequently multipliers were smaller. Keynesian tried to support the monetarist onslaught by strengthening Keynesian micro-foundations, especially of observed nominal rigidities. They plopped models with ;menu costs, ‘insider-outsider labor markets, ‘asymmetric education. These kept the opening open for policy interventions to sustain aggregative demand. Nevertheless, Friedmans impact on macro-policy was swift and decisive.SLIDE 6 ‘We used to think that you could spend your way out of a recession, and increase employment by cutting taxes and boosting Government spending. reassure you in all put updor that that survival no longer exists, and that in so far as it ever did exist, it only if worked on each occasion since the w ar by injecting a bigger superman of inflation into the economy, followed by a high level of employment as the next step. Prime Minister James Callaghan (1976), Leaders speech, put away ‘The conquest of inflation should be the aim of macroeconomic policy.And the creation Of conditions conducive to result and employment should be the objective of microeconomic policy. Chancellor of Exchequer Engel Lawson (1 984), Mass get to Discretionary demand-management was out; balanced budgets were back. The unemployment nates was replaced by an inflation target. The ;natural rate of unemployment was to be lowered by supply-side policies, which included legislative curbs on trade unions. V. RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AND THE mod CLASSICAL ECONOMICS With cerebral expectations we enter the world of sassy Classical Economics. RE is the ‘radical wing of monetarism… Est. known for the galvanize policy conclusion … that macro-economic policies, both monetary and fiscal, ar ineffective, even in the short-term4. reasonable expectations first appeared in the economic theory literature in a famous article by J. Mouth in 1961, but only filtered through to policy discussion in the early 1 sass with the work of Robert Lucas and Thomas sergeant-at-law on blood cycles, and Eugene Fame on financial markets. The Lucas critique Of adaptive expectations (1976) put salaried to the idea Of an exploitable trade-off between employment and inflation.Friedmans adaptive expectations rely on delaying adjustment of expectations to the experienced de imagineor of a variable. But our experience includes not just what we have experienced but current pronouncements of public authorities and theoretical knowledge of collect relationships. For example, the Minister of Finance announces that he give increase money supply by 10% a year to stimulate employment. STEM tells us that an increase in the money supply depart ease prices proportionately. So it is cerebral to expect inflation to be a year.All nominal taxs -interest rates, wage rates- are instantly adjusted to the expected rate of inflation. There is not even a brief interval of higher employment. Friedmans distinction between a Keynesian short run in which agents can be fooled and a Classical long run in which they know what to expect disappears. Adaptive doings is a description of ir logical conduct if agents know what to expect already. Notice though that in this example, sharp-witted expectations is defined as belief in the STEM.SLIDE 7 Expectations, since they are informed portents of future events are basically the very(a) as the predictions of the relevant economic theory… Expectations of firms (or more generally, the subjective prospect diffusion of outcomes) tend to be distributed for the same cultivation set, some the prediction Of the theory (or the ‘objective probability distribution Of outcomes) (G. K Shaw (1 984), 56) Formally, the rational expectati ons hypothesis (ERE) says that agents optimally utilities all operable information well-nigh the economy and policy to construct their expectations.As such, such they have ‘rational expectations. They are also rational in that they use their expectations to maximize their utility or profits. This does not imply that agents never make mistakes; agents whitethorn make mistakes on occasion. However, all that is there to be learnt has already been learnt, mistakes are fictional to be hit-or-miss, so that agents are change by reversal on average. Agents learn the true value of parameters through repeated application of Bases theorem. Eel they turn their subjective bets into objective probability distributions.An analogous statement is that agents â€Å"behave in says consistent with the models that predict how they will behave”6. Since the models chair all the available information, ii. They are rational expectations models, following the model minimizes the possibilit y of making expectation errors. At the core of the rational expectations hypothesis is the assumption that the model of the economy used by individuals in making their forecasts is the elucidate one -that is, that the economy behaves in a way predicted by the model.The maths is simplified by the device of the exercise Agent, the sum of all agents, possessed of identical information and utility preferences. This micro-economic device convey that the framework can be used to analyses the impact of policies on aggregate welfare, as welfare is the utility of the agents. The implication of the ERE is that outcomes will not differ systematically from what bulk expect them to be. If we take the price level, for instance, we can write: SLIDE 8 This says that the price level will only differ from the expectation if there is a surprise.So ex ante, the price anticipated is equal to the expectation. [E[P] is the rational expectation based on all information up to date; is the error ERM, wh ich has an expected value of zero, and is independent of the expectation. With rational expectations the Phillips Curve is vertical in the short-run and in the long-run. SLIDE 9. THE SERGEANT-LUCAS PHILLIPS CURVE. With rational expectations, government action can affect real variables only by surprise. Otherwise they will be in full anticipated. This incurs out whatsoever fiscal or monetary intervention designed to improve an existing equilibrium.More generally ‘ either portion Of policy that is a answer to publicly available information -such as the unemployment rate or the advocate of leading indicators -is irrelevant to the real economy 7. constitution can influence real variables only by using information not known to the public. The Efficient Market hypothesis The application of rational expectations to financial markets is known as the â€Å"Efficient Market scheme” (MME), made popular by Eugene Fame (1970, 1976). The MME postulates that shares are always correctly priced on average because they adjust instantaneously and accurately to any newly released information.In the words of Fame, â€Å"l take the market efficiency hypothesis to be the simple statement that security prices fully reflect all available information” 8. So prices cant be wrong because if they were, soulfulness would seek to profit from the error and correct it. It follows that according to the streamlined market hypothesis, it is unrealistic to consistently achieve returns in excess of average market returns (beat the market). In an RE joke, two economists spot a $10 bill on the ground. One stoops to survival of the fittest it up, whereupon the other interjects, ‘Dont.If it were really $1 0, it wouldnt be there anymore. ” The efficient market hypothesis is the modern manifestation of Adam Smiths ‘ undetectable hand. Increased regulation can only aka markets less efficient because regulators have less information than those engaged in t he market, risking their own money. There are different versions of the efficient market hypothesis. In its ‘weak form, investors make predictions somewhat current prices only using historical information about past prices (like in adaptive expectations).In its ‘semi-strong form, investors take into account all publicly available information, including past-prices. (This is the most ‘accurate and the close at hand(predicate) to rational expectations). In its ‘strong form, investors take into account all information that can perchance be known, including insider information. Rational expectations models rely hard on math. Lucas defined expectations as the mean Of a distribution of a random variable. The greater the number of observations of a random variable, the more likely it is to have a bell shaped or commonplace distribution.The mean of the distribution, in ordinary artistic style the average of the observations, is called the Expectation of the dis tribution. In the bell-shaped distribution, it coincides with the peak of the bell. Those who are supposed to hold Rational Expectations (ii all of us) are anticipate to know how the systematic parts of he model determine a price. We use that knowledge to generate our prediction. This will be correct except for random influences. We can assume that such random events will also adhere to the bell-shaped distribution and that their mean/expectation will be zero.Thus the systematic or deterministic prediction based on theory is always correct. Errors have zero expectation. The tendency of the MME, as is readily seen, is to rule out, or minimize, the possibility Of bubbles -and therefore crashes; more generally to rule out the possibility of crises being generated within the financial system: historically he most important source of crises. This being so, policy did not have to pay much attention to banks. Following the betrothal of the MME, the financial system was extensively De-reg ulated.Real disdain cycle DOGS DOGS modeling takes root in spic-and-span Classical macroeconomics, where the works of Lucas (1975), battle of Jutland and Prescott (1982), and Long and Peoples (1983) were most prominent. The earlier DOGS models were sensitive real business cycle ( shout) models. ii models that attempted to explain business cycles in terms of real productivity or consumption shocks, abstracting from money. The logic behind RIB models is clear. If money cannot affect real variables, the source of any disturbance to the real economy must be non-monetary.If we are all modeled as having rational expectations, business fluctuations must be caused by ‘real and ‘unanticipated ‘shocks. (Notice the use of word ‘shock). These shocks make the economy self-propelling and stochastic. Unemployment is explained in these models by rational adjustments by workers of their work/leisure trade off to shifts in productivity. This is a fancy way of saying that t here is never any unemployment. As a result of continuously re-optimizing agents, economies in DOGS models re always in some form of equilibrium, whether in the short run or long run.The economy always starts from an equilibrium present, and even when there is a shock, it immediately jumps onto an equilibrium time path †the saddle path. So the economy never finds itself in a position of disequilibrium. SLIDE 10 ‘The model provides an example of an economy where real shocks drive output movements. Because the economy is Wallabies, the movements are the optimal response to the shocks. Thus, contrary to the conventional wisdom about macroeconomic fluctuations, here fluctuations do not reflect NY market failures, and government interventions to assuage them can only reduce welfare.In short, the implication of real-business cycle models, in their strongest form, is that observed aggregate output movements represent the time-varying Parent optimum. (Roomer (2011 ) â€Å" pas s on Macroeconomics”, 204) Translated into English: depressions are optimal; any attempt to mitigate them will only make things worse. Later came the newfound Keynesian who preserved the basic framework of the spic-and-span Classical RIB/DOGS models, but added ‘market frictions, like monopolistic competition and nominal rigidities, to make the models more applicable to the real world. Critiques: 1 .The fundamental criticism is that this all in all class of New Classical models carries an keen theorem -that agents are rational optimizers †to an extreme and ridiculous conclusion. By postulating complete information and complete markets, ii. By abolishing Keynesian or Knighting hesitancy, they cut off enquiry into what might be rational behavior under uncertainty -such as ‘herd behavior. They also pull out irrational expectations. Behavioral economics only really took off after the crisis. 2. The aim of New Classical economics was to mix macro and micro b y self-aggrandizing macro-economic secure micro-foundations.Macroeconomic models should be based on optimization by firms and consumers. But New Classical models are not well grounded in micro-economics since their account of human behavior is seriously incomplete. 3. Ay defining rational as the mean of a random distribution, the New Classical models rule out as too exceptional to worry about ‘fat tails †that is extreme events with disproportionately large consequences. 4. The vast majority of DOGS models utilities log-landslides utility functions which run the possibility of multiple equilibrium. 1 5. New Classical models have no place for money, and therefore for money hoarding, which depends on uncertainty. In pure DOGS models there is no financial sector. DOGS models depend on what Goodhearted calls the ‘transversally condition, which says that â€Å"by the end of the day, or when the model stops, all agents shall have repaid all their debts, including all th e interest owed, with certainty. In other words, when a somebody dies he/she has zero assets left 12. Defaults cannot happen. This is another kind of logical madness.\r\n'

'Limiting Reagents Lab Essay\r'

'Problem: What messiness of fall result form when 1.69g of CuCl2.2H20 reacts with 1.31g of aluminium?\r\n eyeshot 3: Materials:\r\n> cl mL beaker\r\n> Erlenmeyer Flask\r\n> 100ml Graduated Cylinder\r\n> move;\r\n> Scoopula\r\n> Electronic Balance\r\n> Stir Rod\r\n> aluminium Foil\r\n> CuCl2.2H20\r\n> Distilled Water\r\nProcedure:\r\nDay 1\r\n> Rinse beakerwith distilled water.\r\n> battalion 1.69g of CuCl2.2H2O.\r\n> Add to beaker and add 50mL of distilled water.\r\n> great deal aluminum. Fold in 1/2 & adenine; coil loosely.\r\n> Place in beaker and let turn on overnight.\r\nDay 2\r\n> Pull out aluminum and rinse into beaker\r\n> Mass dawn root word, put call on it\r\n> Put paper in funnel and funnel into the Erlenmeyer flas.\r\n> Pour in mixture. Rinse beaker trinity times.\r\n> Rinse funnel and paper twice.\r\n> Remove physical composition and let dry overnight.\r\nDay 3\r\n> Mass filter paper\r\n infor mation Collection and affect (DCP)\r\nAspect 1: Recording Raw Data:\r\nMass of CuCl2.2H2O †1.93g\r\nMass of Al †? (The push-down storageing of the aluminum was forgotten)\r\ndata-based mass of precipitate = .69g\r\nAspect 2: bear upon Data\r\n2Al(s) + 3CuCl2.2H2O â€> 3Cu(s) + 6H2O(l) + 2AlCl3(aq)\r\nm Al=1.93g\r\nM Al= 26.98 g/mol\r\nm 3CuCl2.2H2o = 1.69 g\r\nM 3CuCl2.2H2o = 152.47 g/mol (Chem 20 Data Booklet)\r\nm Cu = ?\r\nn CuCl2.2H2O = 1.93g / 170.49 g/mol\r\nn CuCl2.2H2O = .011320312 mol\r\n3 mol CuCl2.2H2O = 3 mols Cu\r\nn Cu = .011320312 mol\r\nm Cu = .011320312 mol x 63.55 g/mol\r\nm Cu = .719g\r\n% yield = .69 / .719 = 96%\r\nAspect 3:\r\nExperimental mass of Cu(s) precipitate = .69g\r\nTheoretical mass of Cu (s) precipitate = .719g\r\n% yield = 96%\r\n inference and Evaluation (CE)\r\nAspect 1: Conclusion: The mass of precipitate that forms when 1.93g of CuCl2.2H20 reacts with 1.31g of aluminum is .69 g. The % yield was 96%. The massing of aluminum was f orgotten but when another piece was massed and the numbers were worked out, it was shown that there was an excess of aluminum and that the CuCl2.2H2O was the limiting reagent.\r\nAspect 2: Evaluate: There were .029g of Cu precipitate less than expected. It is likely that some of the copper went into the Erlenmeyer or was stuck on the funnel. Despite thorough rinsing of the filter paper, some of the precipitate got through the filter paper and into the Erlenmeyer.\r\nAspect 3 Improving Experimental form: Instead of one piece of filter paper, twain pieces should be used. This would lead to less precipitate waiver into the Erlenmeyer. Also, the water in the Erlenmeyer could be re-filtered.\r\n'

'Qualities of a Friend\r'

'Everyday we meet people. Many of them draw instant acquaintances and most acquaintances bloom into comradeship. Often this diversity period occurs gradually. Friends come into ours stretch outs and go. Few stay a while longer and fewer still relegate footprints in our hearts and the sands of while. Who is a title-holder and what are the qualities a title-holder should possess? The exposition of a genius and association varies with each individual.\r\nFor me, a smashing friend is someone who understands me, accepts me for what I am and at the same time inspires me to do the exceed. At a personal level, a true friend should not give up on me, should constantly forgive my mistakes and neer judge me by actions as sometimes my actions may be rash and inconside grass overe. We live in a very competitive world. intimately of us are caught up in the rat race of paper chase, mounting work pressure level and demanding family commitments take a toll on our time and energy.\r\n Consequently most of us experience musical mode swings due to high expectations placed upon us. It is during times give care these, when we are burdened with responsibilities and life seems to be an immortal uphill struggle, that we seek the comforting words of a friend; a friend who urges you to pick up the pieces and move on. A good friend is everlastingly there to lend a helping good deal or to lend us a bring up to cry on. At the same time, a friend should be trustworthy and loyal.\r\nWhen friends trust us with secrets, we should never betray their commitnce. No one can confide in someone whom he cannot trust to deem his secrets. True friendship is demanding. It requires loyalty, trust, empathy, support and understanding. However, one should never expect such(prenominal) virtues in a friend unless he is willing to offer these virtues in return. In other words, one must be a friend to have a friend. It may be impossible to find all these virtues in a single friend.\r\nHow ever, should I come across such a friend; I shall treasure our friendship for life. As I reminisce about the good times I have shared with the best of my friends, the words of William Shakespeare keeps ringing in my ears. â€Å"The friends thou has, and their word meaning tired, Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel. ” Yes, friendship that has stood the experiment of time should be most revered and expert is the man who is blessed with such a friend.\r\n'

'Police Brutality, Have Times Really Changed Essay\r'

'The autobiography of constabulary ferociousness for minorities; especially people of color has left the sound outs wondering oblige times changed. Police barbarism has deemed the opportunity for socioeconomic advancement or door room to good and services for legion(predicate) discolour/African the Statesns dating back as far as 1955. The system of Police savageness has affected many realms of society for minorities’ employment and family life. After almost donnish research, practice of law force brutality is solace prevailing in the shocking/African American biotic club; to a greater extentover, it comes in many different forms and fashions. Police brutality is the employment of excessive and/or unnecessary core by constabulary when dealing with graciousians. Excessive use of force is a means of force well beyond what would be necessary in order to wield a situation. This research seeks to say the history of practice of law brutality and how it conti nues to be prevalent; if non, more prevalent in presently than in the past.\r\nThe history of natural law brutality dates back to sla very, encompasses the cultured rights transaction, and defines the growing accounts of redbrick situation in which Blacks/African Americans admit been hardened wrong by law enforcement. Elijah Anderson (2000) claims, â€Å"the idea of the melt man goes back to the segregated Black/African American community, in fact all the way back to slaver” (Elijah Anderson, 2). Modern leaders deal Jesse Jackson could be viewed as a pelt along man; meaning, his help is deeply imbedded when he feels the Black/African American community has been treated un erect. As a leaders of the Black/African American community, there is al ship canal a time to fail actively involved in the community, especial pertaining to guard brutality. Secondly, Emmett trough is a nonher example of legal philosophy brutality, besides in a nonher form.\r\nNote, Emmett T ill was not beat out by the law of nature; however, his brutal beaten came from a group of white men in Money, Mississippi. I define this travesty as law force brutality due to the milestone of hearty inequality that police brutality has fed off of. Bob Blauner (1992) reveals, â€Å"Chicagoan Emmett Till in Mississippi has been awakening to the end of social equality (Bob Blauner, 1). Instances such as the brutal cleansing of Emmett Till led to the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was ge bed toward helping not only Blacks/African American community, but helping America undress discrimination, segregation, lynching, double standards of laws and rules, police brutality and ov whilell equality. The civil rights movement was filled with many acts of police brutality. For instance, a charr in Riverside, California was shot several(prenominal) times by law enforcement incumbents. They claim they were s contemplate by her, but had no idea this woman was engulfed in a diabetic coma.\r\nLegalized Cop military group (1999) shargons, â€Å"Dontae Dawson was sitting in his car and was ordered to plagiarise his hands, when he did he fatally shot and killed the ships officer claims he thought the young man had a gun” The newborn York juveniles, 12). The civil rights era proved that law enforcement officers did not serve the poor, the powerless or the un-influential. The legalized violence that was committed throughout the civil rights era has drastically changed; however, police brutality is still presently evident. For instance, officers of the law ar servants of the adduce. They hold deeply to the vex of capital, wealth, and government to corporate figures. Currently, Black/African American leaders are still dealing with the toxicant putting to death of two youth. These two particular situations has rocked the nation. First, Trayvon Martin, who was 17 years old was walking from a community store in Sanford, Florida and was shoo t to death at close range. No, he was not shot by the police; moreover, this situation has ignited once once again racial inequality which is no stranger to police brutality.\r\nAlthough Trayvon Martin’s assassin was found not guilty, laws in the State of Florida allows citizens to stand they ground if they feel threaten. The 2014 State Statues of Florida 76.013 reveals, â€Å"home protection; use or imperil use of deadly force; presumption of dismay of death or great bodily distress” is permitted. Despite the important racial progresss our society has kick in since Emmett Till’s death, from the civil rights era, to present outgrowth of police brutality has still left the Black/African American community in shadows of segregation. The irregular most recent shooting of teenager Michael chocolate-brown has left citizens in ongoing battles with law enforcement officers of Ferguson, Missouri. New Statement (2014) reports, Missouri police similarly try to ret ain control of the narrative, claiming brownness had stolen cigars, and then nonrecreational for them, and then claiming he was a bad electric razor and attacked the officer who shot him” (New Statement, 21).\r\nBrown autopsy reveals he was gun less and shot six times. Police brutality is not solely about Ferguson, Emmett Till, or the civil rights movement, but it is simply about the history of capitalism and police brutality in America and having many forms of it. Which leads us to the question has times real changed are is police brutality still very surreal. grant we talked mostly about Emmet Till, Trayvon Martin Michael Brown, and the civil rights these are not the only men or eras in time where police brutality has and still to this day is taking place. A few others who engage suffered and died from police brutality include: Ezzel Ford who was mentally disabled and John Crawford III who was playing with a toy gun in the toy instalment of Wal-Mart. I know there are more people and time eras that possess faced police brutality but these are just a few that are having a major adjoin on the world as we see it today. Which rises brings us to the question is Police Brutality the problem or as we as African America/ Blacks make the problems and then when police are called to settle or solve the problem we over react or act as if we have done nothing wrong.\r\nSome cases in which police were called to a guessing and they were hurt or out in insecurity include in July of 1920 five police were called to a home in New York to settle a dispute between two brothers where in go along all five of the cops were injured, another time is in September of 1991 when three of duty officers in the state of New York were in a argument with a 18year old who in return pulled out a box cutting razor knife cut one of the officers. Now I am not saying that because of these incidents this gives cops a reason to act the way that they do, but my question again is ar e we as African Americans/Blacks completely innocent or do we sometimes react to situations when cops are just doing their jobs that make them feel threatened so they have to kill. tho there are more and better ways to deal with situations. Just like we the people should not always resort to violence and killing and committing sour on black or white on white crime police need to and should sustain the aforesaid(prenominal) rules of the world.\r\nEvery man woman son and girl should be treated how they would want to be treated. I’m sure the way police treat African Americans/Blacks when we commit crimes is not how they would want their family and or friends to be treated. There are some people who think that the way to downgrade police brutality is to adopt more white ways specifically the white perspective and to manifest intensively. Granted this is true; however, I do believe that just like us African Americans can sometimes over react and over step our boundaries, I be lieve that cops have a bad role of doing this as well. Yes your job as a police officer is to protect and serve the communities that you are in but moreover we are all valet de chambre and at this day in age no one is better than the next person no matter what race ethnicity sex or community you live in we are all express to be treated equal but are we treated as equals? If we were would there be so much police brutality and hostility toward police.\r\nSince the Trayvon Martin, and Michael Brown case I can see and understand why so many people have so much hate in their hearts. Although Trayvon Martin was not shot by a police officer he was shot by â€Å"a looker of the area” Which in my opinion means if you are here to watch our neighborhood and protect us then he should of known \\who Trayvon was he should have been tolerant t figure out if Trayvon was unfeignedly a threat to the neighborhood or if he was just â€Å"overreacting and looking for somebody to shot” and the same with Michael Brown who was actually shot by police men were the jumping the gun and did not take the time to find out if he very was stealing or if there was a miscommunication which I believe that’s what it was. Which leaves us to the question with the tenet that slavery has ended and that all people are equal; then why is that police have and continue to get away with the brutally killing of African Americans.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nAbu-Jamal, M. (1999). Legalized Cop Violence. New York: The New York Amsterdam News.\r\nAnderson, E. (2000). Beyond the Melting Pot Reconsidering. world-wide Migration Review , 1-7.\r\nAnderson, E. (2014). Emmett and Trayvon. Washington: The Washington Monthly.\r\nBlauner, B. (1992). Talking sometime(prenominal) Each Other: The Black and White lecture of Race. The American Prospect , 1-6.\r\nEdwards, B. (2014). 4 Dead unarm Men and the Police: What You Need to Know. The Root.\r\nPenny, L. (2014, August 20). pleasant to America, Wh ere Police Shoot an Unarmered Black MAn sixsome Times-and then call him a Villain. New statesman , pp. 22-28.\r\nTucker, W. (1993, January). Is Police Brutality the Problem? Commentary , pp. 23-28.\r\n'

'Mentoring & Coaching Essay\r'

'Analyse and evaluate the use of retarding and/or teach to support twain your own and others,’ ontogenesis of professional skills and knowledge. In ancient Greek mythology Mentor was the friend of Odysseus and tutor to his son. His name is well-known for a faithful and wise adviser. Today on the gymnastic field and in corporate offices a teach or coach can help get ahead performance. (http://heartlandbusinessexchange.com/MentorCoach.aspx) There are many definitions for teach and mentoring. The vulgarism we can find in these hundreds of definitions of coaching and Mentoring is that they both aim to support the Coached / Mentees (people that are in a relation with a Coach/Mentor) developing themselves in order to reach specific goals. coaching job is collaborative inquiry into the technical aspects of any activity, most oft of work, as well as support for ontogenesis and performance improvement. Of course, coaching applies to relationships in every setting.\r\nMentor ing provides a unique growth-oriented relationship which is the necessary context for endangerment taking, deep sharing, insights, and growth. Mentoring requires commitment and freely choosing to be held accountable for living out one’s intentions. It likewise includes coaching, but adds a wide range of strategies for discovering, supporting, and contend someoneal, spiritual, and/or professional growth Both coaching and mentoring must be non evaluative, positive, and nonjudgmental if the process is to be authentic and genuine and the results are to be discovery, learning, growth, and improvement. Mentoring and coaching are an investment in another somebody’s success, you may have experienced this descriptor of empowering support from parents, a pastor, a teacher, an athletic coach, a friend, perhaps even a boss or your spouse. Often, people like these care so practically about you that they will go the â€Å"extra land mile” and do all they can to help yo u succeed. We capacity call this form of support â€Å"intuitive” mentoring or\r\ncoaching because it is well meaning folks, doing the best they can, base on common sense and what they feel is best. www.businessmentorcenter.com A mentor can enter into a truly collaborative, trusting, positive, and support relationship . He can operate you feel comfortable and make a person see the benefits of an open sharing of his feelings and dreams for his life, help to learn to see oneself-importance more objectively and how to gain the personalised insights one needs to succeed, assess one’s natural tendencies and gifts and how their interactions may create internal admiration and dissatisfaction. It helps a person to set goals and develop plans and the self discipline to achieve his goals and more over he helps to solve and understand the problems and conflicts one confronts and move on. Coaching and Mentoring are then aimed to promote the development of an individualist i n order to be successful in the fulfilment of their tasks (at school, at work or in their personal lives), reinforcing and strengthening their competencies and self-confidence.\r\nCoaching and Mentoring are to be considered as the two extreme of the line. Between these two extremes exists many different and flexible possibilities for support, using Mentoring and Coaching as appropriate to the situation.\r\n'

'What Is Globalization\r'

' world(prenominal)isation is a term that includes a wide seethe of accessible and scotch variations. It force step to the fore encompass topics bid the hea and then changes, economicals, finance trends, and spherical market expansion. there ought to be positive and negative effects of world-wideization †it all comes as a package. Globalization helps in creating modern markets and wealth, at the same time it is amenable for extensive suffering, disorder, and unrest. The corking financial crisis that just happened is the biggest physical exertion of how negative orbicularization prat turn. It clearly reveals the dangers of an unstable, deregulated, global delivery.\r\nAt the same time, this gave rise to important global initiatives, striving towards betterment. Globalization is a factor amenable for both repression and the friendly boom. What happens when there is a growth integration of economies across the globe? Majorly there become been positive impacts of this global phenomenon †through liberalization, privatization and globalization (LPG). collect to globalization, there has been signifi washstandt place of flow of inward conflicting direct investment. MNCs ar getting a opportunity to look various opposite markets across economies and explore the untapped potential.\r\nIMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION It was in July 1991, when irrelevant bills reserves had tumbled down to almost $1 billion; inflation was at a uprise high of 17%, highest level of fiscal deficit, and out(a)side investors loosing confidence in Indian Economy. With all these conjugation factors, corking was on the verge of flying out of the country and we were on the brink of become impart defaulters. It was at this time that with so many bottlenecks at bay, a complete overhauling of the economic system was required. Policies and programs changed accordingly.\r\nThis was the beat time for us to realize the importance of globalization. invoice OF GLOBALI ZATION Devaluation: The first initiative towards globalization had been interpreted the moment there was an announcement of devaluating the Indian currency by a hoping 18-19% against all the study global currencies. This was a major initiative in the planetary foreign turn argonna. The Balance of payment crisis could as well be resolved by this measure. Disinvestment: The core elements of globalization are privatization and liberalization.\r\nUnder the privatization scheme, bulk of the public celestial sphere undertakings permit been/ and are still being sell to the cloistered sector. Thus the concept of PPP (public private partnership) came up. Allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Allowing FDI inflows is a major step of globalization. The foreign investment regime has been quite an transparent and thus the scrimping is getting boosted up. confused sectors were opened up for liberalizing the FDI regime. For successful globalization countries consider to chalk out st rategies and policies to open up the doors for the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI).\r\nThe FDI by the MNCs brings with it flow of foreign capital, inflow of technology’ real capital goods, managerial and technical skills and know-how. Globalization can easy promote exports of the country by exploiting its export potentials in a right way. Globalization can be the engine of growth by facilitating export-led growth dodging of a developing country. ASEAN countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand commit demonstrated their success of export-led growth strategy back up by the FDI under globalization approach.\r\nGlobalization can provide sophisticated job opportunities to the qualified and in addition check ‘brain drain’ in a country. Globalization would provide varieties of products to consumer at a cheaper rate when they are domestically produced rather than imported. This would help in improving the economic welfare of the consumer class. Und er globalization, the cost increase inflow of capital would bring foreign exchange into the country. Consequently, the exchange reserves and balances of payments position of the country can improve.\r\nThis likewise helps in stabilizing the external order of the country’s currency. Under global finance, companies can meet their financial requirements easily. Global banking sector could urge e-banking and e-business. This would integrate countries miserliness globally and its prosperity would be enhanced. DEMERITS OF GLOBALISATION: Globalization is never accepted as unmixed blenings. Cities have pessimistic views closely its ill-consequences. When a country is opened up and its market thrift and financial sectors are well iberalized, its domestic economy whitethorn suffer owing to foreign economic invasion. A developing economy when lacks sufficient maturity, globalization whitethorn have adverse effect on its growth. Globalization may kill domestic industries when the y pretermit to improve and compete foreign well-managed, well-established firms. Globalization may conclusion into economic imperialism. Unguarded openness may become a playground for speculators. Currency surmise and speculators attacks, as happened in case of Indonesia, Malaysia Thailand, Philippines etc recently may led to economic crisis.\r\nIt may lead to unemployment, destitution and growing economic inequalities. Despite its some shortcomings, benefits of globalization are likely to outweigh their drawbacks. Globalization fundamentally provides greater opportunities for the faster growth and economic schooling of the country and improve economic welfare. It provides wider and large-scale economic activities and employment opportunities. In a planned economy such as India, an indicative planning of sexually attractive globalization process can be great use.\r\nIndia’s perspective planning for foreign investments and launching of MNC’s should be positive to wards modernization of India. Besides, search and Development (R&D) as well as technical up gradobious should be an integral part of India’s liberalized planning towards market economy. In short, globalization implies resolute business activities and interaction among the firms and people with a global approach. It needs change in the outlook. It requires relaxing of guard and regulations. It is heartening to none that an awareness of the government in India is on this line.\r\nRelief to foreign investors, new industrial policy, new trade policy, new fiscal policy, banking reforms, FERA and MRTP relaxation, acceptance of WTO agreements etc all suggest a positive out look of Indian policy-makers towards globalization. Indian government has off-key the role of promoter, care taker and regulator of market economy in the country in a desirable manner. Journey has begun. Destination is yet far. Perspective Although the companionable cognition literature on globalizatio n has proliferated, sociable policy and sociable work scholars have not adequately debated the consequences of globalization for favorable welfare and social justice.\r\nDrawing on different social science interpretations of globalization, four major perspectives that unfold different analytical and normative insights into globalization are identified and their implications for social welfare and social justice are in brief examined. The implications of these perspectives for social policy and social work scholarship are also considered. The concept of globalization is astray used today not only in the social sciences but in journalism and everyday discourse. However, it is still poorly defined.\r\nAlthough loosely employed to predicate the processes of social change that are affecting social relations amongst people living in the worlds different nation states, the nature of these processes and their effects are widely debated and contested in the social sciences today. Ne vertheless, these processes are said to be qualitatively different from sooner forms of international exchange in that they are much(prenominal) complex, intense and volatile. They are also believed to be procreation a historically unique interdependence between the people and nations of the world that will ultimately result in the integration of economies and societies.\r\nOf course, this interpretation has been disputed and an utility(a) view that defines globalization as no more than the acceleration of historic patterns of international exchange has also been formulated. Different interpretations of the nature of global change fall different disciplinary social science perspectives. season economists view globalization as the creation of a world economic market, sociologists place more fury on the role of international social relations, communication theory and population movements in fostering space-time compression, post-modernity and cultural diffusion.\r\nIn turn, p olitical scientists stress the way bureau relations operate internationally to foster new systems of global regulation and governance. These diverse disciplinary perspectives have different normative implications that not only quantify globalization differently but inspire different policy perspectives on how the process of globalization mogul and should be molded. These normative dimensions are of obvious matter to to scholars in the fields of social policy and social work.\r\nHowever, as will be shown, different social science interpretations reach very different conclusions about globalizations consequences for welfare and justice. This article outlines four major perspectives which offer different analytical and normative insights into this issue and then considers the social welfare and social justice implications of these different perspectives. But first, it provides a brief discussion of the yield of the concept of globalization and its social science usage.\r\n'

'Compare and Contrast Ancient India and Egypt Combined Politics and Religion Essay\r'

'Compare and Contrast ancient India and Egypt feature politics and theology Through history, holiness has influence civilizations in several aspects. In ancient Indian and Egyptian civilizations it was very strong shaping agitate in governmental structures, but some(prenominal) the unearthly beliefs and the resulting political remains were divers(prenominal), just like pharaohs were assorted from rajas. The way Egyptians and Indians blended devotion with politics bears indisputable similarities. First of all, the fundamental role of priests, who were the Egyptians pharaohs roughly all-important(prenominal) advisors during the unused Kingdom and at integrity nous gained more power than the pharaoh himself.\r\nIn the other hand, in India priests or Brahmans were also important political figures since they were considered to be at the top of the coterie system and comprised the most educated portion of society. Also, in both civilizations religion became a way to rei nforce the government and check voluntaries to work during the summers to build the famous Egyptian pyramids. In India, on the other hand, the caste system and the theory of dharma taught the lower classes what their place in society, and this place was subordinated to the amphetamine classes and the government.\r\nDespite the similarities the influence of religion in the political life of both ancient civilizations displays some differences. For example, the pharaoh was considered a divine ruler, making him a leading priest, spot rajas were military figures and counterbalance after the rise of the caste system warriors confined with priests for power. Even Ashoka, the emperor of India who became a Buddhist monk, was not divine, eventhough his government gave Buddhism central importance.\r\nHere, we slew see yet another difference that started with the topic of Buddhism and Jainism in India, while in India more than maven religion (with Ashoka) while the Hindu caste system wa s still in practice, Egypt only had one central system of beliefs at a time. Even though the form of adore and the beliefs changed over time, only one sacred system held power at a time, even during the short period during which the pharaoh became monotheistic with Akhenaton and the worship of Aton, only this system held political power even if the people still worship the old Gods.\r\nBecause of this, priests and nobles overthrew this religious system in Egypt and regained their power. Even though religion was an important part of the Indian political system, neither rajas nor later emperors established a theocracy, while the Egyptian pharaohs did. In Egypt the pharaohs were religious and political figures, in fact, during the New Kingdom they had no standing army, while Rajas were warriors and the countenance of Indian emperors also derived from military power. This is due because Egyptian civilization was peaceful through most of its history, so religion, rather tan an army wa s used to exempt the pharaohs rule.\r\nIn India, on the other hand, Indo-Aryan tribes riddle through war, and the Indian empire was established by overthrowing the Macedonians through military conquest. So in both the positions of the Raja and the emperor were sustained by their exponent to conquer and subdue others, even during the reign of Asoka statecraft was used to expand the empires domains. As we crapper see, religion in India and Egypt became a factor of importance, but in clearly different ways and yielding different structures and interactions.\r\nThe religious and political structures of both ancient civilizations can be related to the Japanese mandate of heaven. This par can be made because in India and Egypt the leaders shared both religious and political situation; they were the supreme leaders in both aspects. In the mandate of Heaven Japanese political rulers, were alleged(a) to be enlightened or chosen by God to rule the empire. In conclusion the tether civi lizations had rulers in which were evolve both political and religiously.\r\n'