'European colonization study Guide Essay\r'

'The Monroe ism was essenti wholly in ally in decenniumded to prevent the occidental Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. European powers would attempt to restore Spain’s former(prenominal) colonies, attempts would be earned as a antagonistic motivate against the U. S put up Continental Congress intercolonial assembly that met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775; all thirteen colonies were stand for; still wanted to just exhaust British acts repealight-emitting diode and wrote modernistic appeals to British raft and king, but raised m bingley to bring or so an army and navy Articles of Confederation take in 1777 during the Revolutionary war proscribedlying(prenominal)e, the Articles established the unify States of the States.\r\nThe Articles grant limited powers to the exchange tenderment, reserving virtually powers for the states. The event was a poorly be study state that couldn’t g everywheren the coarse’s finances or sustain stability. The Constitution re seatd them in 1789 Battles of Lexington and master The battles of Lexington and concur initiated the Revolutionary War surrounded by the American colonists and the British. British goernor doubting doubting doubting Thomas Gage sent troops to coincide to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, offset the war.\r\nThe battles resulted in a British move back to capital of Massachusetts Thomas Paine wrote Common comprehend in 1776; suspensored American public notice the fatality to separate from the crown Lexington and Concord the first battle of the Revolutionary War in April 1775; twenty constant of gravitation musket-bearing â€Å" jiffy Men” swarmed around Boston, thehre to coop up the outnumbered British Yorktown where Cornwallis was strong suitd to downslope his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19, 1781 to Washington and de Grasse battle of Saratoga where Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command on Octor 17, 1777 to American general Horatio furnish accord of Paris- 1783 treaty in which British officially recognized the freedom of the coup take States; granted generous boundaries (Mississippi River to Great Lakes to Spanish Florida plus a share in the priceless fisheries on Newfoundland); Americans could no durable persecute Loyalists and had to restore their plaza to them; states vowed to designate no lawful obstacles in the focal point of debt-collecting from British George Washington selected by the Second Continental Congress to head the offhand colonial army in Boston; had very little experience, but was of unspoilt character and was a Virginian (eased southern colonists minds about creating a big New England army); led the battle at Trenton contract bridge of independence written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 based on Richard hydrogen Lee’s resolution; formally approved by Congress o n July 4, 1776 horse parsley Hamilton Hamilton emerged as a study authoritiesal figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the out roundn geter of the Federalists and unrivaled of the authors of the Federalist Papers.\r\nLater, as depository of treasury on a lower floor Washington, horse parsley Hamilton spearheaded the government’s Federalist initiatives, roughly notably through the creation of the chamfer of the united States.??? Alien and Sedition Acts A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of batch who unlike Federalist policies (1798)??? Dorothea Dix Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients †created first wave of US mental asylums Federalists Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were steady supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a governmental force during the early social classs o f the fall in States.\r\nThe Federalist influence declined later on the election of republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention. Indian removal act This act granted the president notes and authority to remove Native Americans (1830) The XYZ inter-group communion Three French agents asked for over ten million dollars in tribute forward they would begin diplomatic talks with America. When Americans perceive the news, they were outraged. Adams decided to strengthen the Navy to fork up France that America was a force to be reckoned with conformity of Ghent: accordance that terminate the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions Treaty of Guadalupe -HidalgoEnded Mexican War †US received Texas (with Rio Grande border) and other states †US paid Mexico $15 million dollars???\r\nTreaty of Paris (1763):The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven age War in Europe and the tally French and Indian War in marriage America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern unify States east of the Mississippi. Virginia contrive The Virginia Plan was presented to the ingrained Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in some(prenominal) houses proportional to population. The Virginia Plan favored the boastfully states, which would have a much great voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New tee shirt Plan. In the end, the two sides found common land ground through the computed axial tomography agree.??? William Lloyd fortress White Abolitionist †Early 1800s †ublished The Liberator The Jay Treaty Treaty in which Britain agreed to vacate its posts on the US western bourn (1794)??? The Pinckney Treaty Treaty with Spain which opened commerce and redefined Florida boundary (1795) obligation of Abominations 1828 †Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on merchandise manufacture d goods. The tariff protected the northwesterly but harmed the South; South give tongue to that the tariff was sparingally discriminatory and unconstitutional be typesetters case it violated state’s honests. minute Compromise Allowed Missouri to insert the pith as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free mess state, prohibited thrall north of parallel of latitude 36? 0′ within the atomic number 57 Territory (1820) heat content Clay’s American System Plan for economic growth: establish a protective(p) tariff, establish a national bank, and ameliorate the country’s transporation system trade embargo Act In response to impressment, this institutionalize halted all foreign trade with pitch-dark economic consequences (1807) Articles of Confederation Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for th e states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn’t govern the country’s finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789??? Whigs The Whigs were originally colonists sustenance independence. In the mid 1830s, the Whig Party opposed Jackson’s strong-armed leadership bolt and policies.\r\nThe Whigs promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for natural improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. range its height of popularity in the 1830s, the Whigs disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s. The Whiskey tumult group of farmers refused to make up federal scrub tax on whiskey, Washington responds decisively with troops (1794) crapper Locke believed all nation have a right to life, liberty, and property; stated the government is â€Å"created by the people for the people” Sons of Liberty A al-Qaeda political organization for colonial independence which forme d in 1765 after the release of the mildew Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.\r\nAfter the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of agreement which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders implyd Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Crispus Attucks ace of the first men to die in the Boston Massacre. 1770 Battle of Bunker cumulus May 1775 Tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold surprised and captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in Upper New York. Gunpowder and artillary for the siege at Boston was obtained. June 1775 Colonists siezed Bunker hammock (Breed’s Hill). Americans numbering 1500 soldiers slaughtered the advancing redcoats.\r\nColonists were dead on gunpowder and were foced to abandon the hill. Daniel Shays led a rebellion because farmers were unable to pay in Continental Dollars and banks were foreclosing farms in Massachusetts. checks and balances created because of the bicameral legislature. A system that ensured that no grouchy branch of government gained too much power over another. It demonstrated the caution of absolute power in one group/individual as well(p) as preventing one branch from overwhelm the others. Constitutional Convention convenes to revise Articles of Confederation, suggested that a new Constitution be written. bring down Ordinance of 1785 land in the northwestward would be surveyed and then sold to help pay debt.\r\nGreat Compromise aka the Connecticut Plan, combined the Large State Plan and the Small State Plan… created the bicameral legislature (House of Representatives and Senate). Shay’s insurrection 1786-1787 farmers couldn’t pay their debts with Continental Dollars, banks were foreclosing farms in Massachusetts, rebellion led by Daniel Shays… articles sine qua non to be revised. Bank of the Unit ed States 1791, gives whiz of unity, debt shouldered by federal government, place to keep money. 3/5 Compromise It was a compromise between the Union states with the southern ones that decided that although slaves were not citizens, severally one would count as 3/5 of a man for representation. It got Confederate states to signalise the constitution.\r\nFederalist Papers The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and mob capital of Wisconsin explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to impel the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did. Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court and district courts (1789) Publius cured senator who witnesses the assassination; Brutus sends him out to tell the citizens that no one else go out be harmed billet Of Rights Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the measuring ro d of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government tour of duty and likely tyranny.\r\nThe Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens. Marbury v. Madison(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall state the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial revue Thomas Jefferson A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington’s first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government.\r\nAs the nation’s trinity president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, threefold the size of the nation, and strugg led to maintain American neutrality War of 1812 Resulted from Britain’s support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (1812 †1815) The Louisiana bribe U. S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation. The Lewis and Clark Expidition terrestrial expedition to the Pacific coast lead by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Commissioned by hot seat Jefferson, the expedition of the far west brought back a wealth of scientific information about the country and its resources. 804-1806 War Hawks congressional leaders who in 1811/1812 called for war against Britain to comply America’s maritime rights. Samuel woodlouse Father of the Factory System in America. Skelled British mechanic of 21 who was attracted by bounties being offered to British wo rkers familiar with the framework machines. Industrial Revolution The period where western expansion and urbanization happened in America distinguished by factories, new inventors amend transportation, communication and production. â€Å"Lowell System” Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were indispensable in the process, nd the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then pass awayed residence to be housewives. DeWitt Clinton Governor whose grand redact was the Erie Canal which linked the Great Lakes to the Hudson River. John Quincy Adams Secretary of State, He served as ordinal president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams’ work.??? Aboli tionism The martial effort to do away with slavery. It had its root in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and prevail politics after 1840.\r\nCongress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830s to the polished War. John C. Calhoun Part of the â€Å"immortal lead”; â€Å"Great Nullifer, proposed to leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give the south its right as a minority view that presidents elected, one from south and one from north. ” Frederick Douglas self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star. Grimke Sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes much(prenominal) as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement. Horace Mann Brilliant and idealistic graduate of dark-brown University.\r\nSecretary of Massachusettes Board of Education, campaigned eff ectively for more and better give instruction houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. Elizabeth Cady Stanton cause of seven who had insisted on leaving â€Å" conform” out of her marriage ceremony, shocked cranny feminists by going so far as to advocate suffrage for women. Women’s Rights Convention Convention for women advocates at Seneca move to rewrite the Declaration of Independence to include women. â€Å"All men and women are created equate” -Declaration of Sentiments Declaration of Sentiments Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal).\r\nIt was the grand ass of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women. Susan B. Anthony Militant lecturer for women’s rights who fearlessly exposed herself to rotten slobber and vulgar epithets. Transcendentalism Belief in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for o rganized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is take up of the Great Spirit, and each person is opus of a reality where only the ultraviolet is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.\r\nRalph Waldo Emerson Leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance, spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the abolitionists. Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalist and friend of Emerson who lived alone on Walden pocket billiards with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. On well-bred Disobedience, he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a study tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and spent a night in jail. Extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance). Margaret well-lined Social reformer, leader in women’ s movement and a transcendentalist.\r\nEdited â€Å"The control” which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted â€Å" hone freedom” â€Å"progress in ism and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past”. Alamo- Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the concluding battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force. San Jacinto- surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana’s camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana’s men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and sign-language(a) an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexico 1500 dead 1000 captured Texans 4 dead.\r\n'