America Moves to the City Post-Civil War

In the decades post- elegant War, the States go to the urban center. The increase in community closely doubled especi all in ally with the rush of sunrise(prenominal) immigrants. The drift to wards the urban center didnt just affect the States, it affected the Western world. With recentborn industrial jobs, immigrants and the Statesns had opportunities for jobs, having the United States flourish.I. The advanced netherstand of cities the urban frontier. A.1870 to 1900, the the Statesn population doubled, and the population in the cities tripled. B.Cities grew up and out, with much(prenominal) far-famed architects as Louis Sullivan wricking on and perfecting skyscrapers (first look in pelf in 1885). 1. The metropolis grew from a small compact virtuoso that people could walk done to circumvent around to a huge seat of presidency that requ impatienced commuting by galvanizing trolleys. 2. Electricity, indoor plumbing, and teleph anes made city gentlemans gentlemann ers more alluring. C.Department stores like Macys (in impertinently York) and MarshallFields (in Chicago) provided urban working-class jobs and in additionattracted urban bourgeoisie shoppers. 1. Theodore Dreisers Sister Carrie told of womans escapades in the city, made cities dazzling and attractive. 2. The act to city produced lots of trash, because while farmers endlessly reused e realthing or fed trash to animals, city d intumesceers, with their mail-order houses like Sears and Montgomery Ward, which made things brasslike and easy to buy, could simply throw onward the things that they didnt like anymore.D.Criminals flourished, and impure water, ungathered garbage, unwashed bodies, and droppings made cities fouled and unsanitary. 1. Worst of all were the slums, which were crammed with people. 2. So-called cola tenements (which gave a bit of fresh seam down their airshaft) were the worst since they were dark, cramped, and had curt sanitization or ventilation. E.To esca pe, the wealthy of the city-d sounders fled to suburbs.II. Immigration happens all over the nation. A.Until the eighties, near of the immigrants had come from the British Isles and western Europe (Germany and Scandinavia) and were quite literate person and accustomed to around type of object lesson government. Thiswas called the Old Immigration. But by the 1880s and 1890s, this shifted to the Baltic and Slavic people of southeasterly Europe, who were basically the opposite, unfermented Immigration.1. Southeastern Europeans accounted for 19% of immigrants to the U.S. in 1880, early 1900s, were over 60%III. Southern Europeans make their way to America. A.Many Europeans came to America because there was no room in Europe, nor was there much employment, since industrialization had eliminated many jobs. 1. America often praised to Europeans, people boasted of carrying every sidereal day/having unembellisheddom, much opportunity. 2. Profit-seeking Americans in addition by chance exaggerated the benefits of America to Europeans, so that they could uprise cheap labor and more money. B.Many immigrants to America stayed for a short period of fourth dimension and then returned to Europe, and even those that remained (including persecuted Jews) move very hard to retain their own husbandry and customs.1. However, the children of the immigrants sometimes rejected this Old human beings culture and plunged completely into American life.IV. Americans move to the impertinent immigrants in their country. A.Federal government did little to help immigrants assimilate into American society, so immigrants were often controlled by powerful bosses ( such as New Yorks Boss Tweed) who provided jobs and nourish in return for political comport at the polls.B. lot like Walter Rauschenbusch and chapiter joy began preaching the affectionate Gospel, insisting that churches contract the burning loving issues of the day. C.Among the people who were late dedicated to upli fting the urban hoi polloi was Jane Addams, who founded Hull House in 1889 to educate children and adults the sk ailments and knowledge that they would need to survive and obey in America.1. She eventually won the Nobel stop Prize in 1931, plainly her pacifism was looked down upon by groups such as the Daughters of the American Revolution, who revoked her membership. 2. new(prenominal) such shutdown houses like Hull House include Lillian Walds Henry Street gag constabulary of nature in New York, which opened its doors in 1893. 3. Settlement houses became centers for womens activism and reform, as females such as Florence Kelley fought for protection of women workers and against child labor. 4. New cities gave women opportunities to earn money and championship themselves mitigate ( mostly single women, since being both a working mother and wife was frowned upon).V. tapered the Welcome Mat A.The nativism and anti-foreignism of the 1840s and 1850s came back in the 1880s, a s the Germans and western Europeans looked down upon the rude(a) Slavs and Baltics, fearing that a mixing of blood would defile the fairer Anglo-Saxon races and create inferior offspring.1. The inherent Americans blamed immigrants for the degradation of the urban government. These new bigots had forgotten how they had been scorned when they had arrived in America a few decades before.2. Trade unionists scorned them for their willingness to work for super-low wages and for convey in dangerous doctrines like socialism and socialism into the U.S. B.Anti-foreign organizations like the American Protective knowledge (APA) arose to go against new immigrants, and labor leaders were quick to try to stop new immigration, immigrants were frequently used as strikebreakers.C.Finally, in 1882, carnal knowledge passed the first restrictive equity against immigration, which banned paupers, criminals, and convicts from overture here. D.1885, another law was passed banning the importation of foreign workers under usually substandard contracts. E.Literacy tests for immigrants were proposed, but were resisted until they were finally passed in 1917, but the 1882 immigration law to a fault barred the Chinese from coming (the Chinese Exclusion Act).F.Anti-immigrant climate, the Statue of Liberty arrived from Francea gift from the French to America in 1886.VI. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge A.Since churches had mostly failed to take any stands and rallyagainst the urban poverty, plight, and suffering, many people began toquestion the dream of the churches, and began to worry that Satanwas winning the appointment of upright and evil.1. The emphasis on cloth gains worried many. B.A new generation of urban revivalists stepped in, including people like Dwight Lyman Moody, a man who proclaimed the gospel of kindness and tenderness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life.1.Moody password Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 and conserved workin g well later his 1899 death. C.Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were also gaining many followers with the new immigration. 1. scarlet tanager Gibbons was popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants, as he preached American unity. 2. 1890, Americans chose from 150 religions, including the Salvation Army, tried to help the poor. D.The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), founded bybloody shame Baker Eddy, preached a perversion of Christianity that she claimed recovered sickness. 5.YMCAs and YWCAs also sprouted.VII. Darwin Disrupts the Churches A.1859, Charles Darwin produce his On the Origin of Species, which set frontward the new doctrine of evolution and attracted the ire and fury of fundamentalists. 1. Modernists took a step from the fundamentalists and refused to desire that the Bible was completely accurate and factual. They contended that the Bible was merely a collection of honorable stories or guidelines, but not dedicated scripture inspired by God.B.Colone l Robert G. Ingersoll was one who denounced creationism, ashe had been widely persuaded by the theory of evolution. Others blendedcreationism and evolution to even up their own interpretations.VIII. The Lust for Learning A.New curl began in the creation of more humanity schools and the provision of free textbooks funded by taxpayers. 1. By 1900, there were 6,000 high schools in America kindergartens also multiplied. B.Catholic schools also grew in popularity and in number. C.To partially help adults who couldnt go to school, the Chautauqua movement, a successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1874. It include customary lectures to many people by famous writers and extensive at-home studies.D.Americans began to develop a faith in formal direction as a solution to poverty.IX. booking agent T. Washington and Education for glum hoi polloi A.South, war-torn and poor, lagged far behind in education, in particular for Blacks, so Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave came to help. He st arted by heading a blue normal (teacher) and industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and teaching the students useful skills and trades.1. Avoided Issue of social comparison he believed in Blacks dowery themselves first before gaining more rights. B.One of Washingtons students was George Washington Carver, who later find hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. C.However, W.E.B. Du Bois, the first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University, demanded complete equality for Blacks and action now. He also founded the bailiwick Association for the Advancement of glowering People (NAACP) in 1910.1.DuBoiss differences with Washington reflected contrastive life experiences of southern and northern Blacks.X. The sanctify Halls of Ivy A.Colleges/universities sprouted afterward the Civil War, and colleges for women, such as Vassar, were gaining ground. 1. Also, colleges for both genders grew, especially in the Midwest, and Black colleges also were established, such as Howard University in Washington D.C., battle of Atlanta University, and Hampton Institute in Virginia.B.Morrill Act of 1862 had provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education and was extended by the group Act of 1887, which provided federal funds for the brass section of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.C.Private donations also went toward the establishment of colleges, including Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and the University of Chicago, which was funded by John D. Rockefeller. D.Johns Hopkins University maintained the nations first high-grade graduate school.XI. The environ of the Mind A.Elective system of college was gaining popularity, took off after Dr. Charles W. Eliot became president of Harvard. B.Medical schools and science were prospering after the Civil War. 1. Discoveries by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister (antiseptics) alter medical science and health. 2. The brilliant but sickly William James helped establish the condition of behavioral psychology, with his books Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to swear (1897), and Varieties of Religious Experience (1902).a. His greatest work was Pragmatism (1907), which preached what he believed in realism (everything has a useful purpose). XII. The Appeal of the pinch A.Libraries such as the Library of Congress also opened across America, bringing literature into peoples homes. B.With the stratagem of the Linotype in 1885, the press more than kept pace with demand, but competition sparked a new brand of journalism called yellow-bellied journalism, in which newspapers reported on raving mad and fantastic stories that often were false or quite exaggerated sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories.C.2 Journalists emerged Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) & William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner) alter of the Associated Press, which had been established in the 1840s, helped to offset some of the questionable journalism.XIII. Apostles of Reform A.Magazines like harpists, the Atlantic Monthly, and Scribners Monthly partially satisfied the public appetite forgood reading, but perhaps the most potent of all was the New York Nation, launched in 1865 by Edwin L. Godkin, a merciless critic. These were all liberal, reformist publications.B.Another enduring journalist-author was Henry George, who wrote Progress and Poverty, which undertook to run the association of poverty with progress. 1. It was he who came up with the idea of the graduated income taxthe more you make, the greater percent you pay in taxes. C.Edward Bellamy produce Looking Backward in 1888, in which he criticized the social injustices of the day and pictured a utopian government that had nationalized big business serving the public good.XIV. Postwar Writing A.After the war, Americans devoured dime-novels whichdepicted the incorrect West and other romantic and chivalric settings. 1. The king of dime n ovelists was Harland F. Halsey, who made 650 of these novels. 2. prevalent Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur A Tale of the Christ, which combated the ideas and beliefs of Darwinism and reaffirmed the traditional Christian faith. B.Horatio Alger was more popular, since his rags-to-riches books told that virtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded by success, wealth, and honor. His most notable book was titled molest Dick.C.Walt Whitman was one of the old writers who still remained active, publishing revisions of Leaves of Grass. D.Emily Dickinson was a famed hermit of a poet whose poems were published after her death. E.Other lesser poets include Sidney Lanier, who was oppressed by poverty and ill health. XVI. The New Morality A.Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love, and together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, wrote Woodhull and Claflins Weekly, which shocked readers with exposs of affairs, etc. B.Anthony Comstock waged a lifelong war on the immoral. C.The new morality reflected versed freedom in the increase of cede control, divorces, and frank discussion of sexual topics.XVII. Families and Women in the City A.Urban life was stressful on families, who were often separated, and everyone had to work, even children. 1. While on farms, more children meant more people to harvest and help, in the cities, more children meant more mouths to feed and a greater chance of poverty. B.1898, Charlotte Perkins Gilman published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature, in which she called for women to abandon their dependent status and house to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy.1. She also advocated day-care centers and centralized nurseries and kitchens. C.Feminists also rallied toward suffrage, forming the matter American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, an organization led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton (whod organized the first womens rights expression in 1848 at Seneca Falls, NY) and Susan B. Anthony.D.By 19 00, a new generation of women activists were present, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, who tonic the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers in the increasingly public world of the city.1. The Wyoming grease was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in 1869. 2. The General Federation of Womens Clubs also encouraged womens suffrage. E.Ida B. rise up rallied toward better treatment for Blacks as well and create the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.XVIII. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress A.Concern over the popularity (and dangers) of alcohol was also present, marked by the formation of the National Prohibition Party in 1869. 1. Other organizations like the Womens Christian relief Union also rallied against alcohol, calling for a national prohibition of the beverage. a. Leaders include Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation who literally wielded a tomahawk and hacked up bars. 2. T he Anti-Saloon League was also formed in 1893. B.American Society for the Prevention of rigorousness to Animals was formed in 1866 to discourage the mistreatment of livestock, and the American Red Cross, formed by Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, was formed in 1881.