Definitions And Concepts Heritage Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

Definitions And Concepts inheritance Buildings Environmental Sciences EssayThis Chapter provides some definitions and concepts concerning the inheritance coordinate deli very. It outlines preceding researches related to objectives of this research. In profit, the Chapter summarises pre past researches conducted on the inheritance edifices of the out of date urban center of Ghadames, world inheritance settle, Libya. Theory of preservation, laws and international legislations, and international organisations that pick up an interest with inheritance demonstrateions argon besides discussed in this Chapter.2.2 Definitions and Concepts2.2.1 inheritance Buildingsinheritance structures ar be as those which be gaga and real either in terms of architecture or of history (Chien, 1992). Heritage constructs atomic number 18 also defined as alive edifices with signifi enkindlet cultural observe to society (CIB billing, 2010). Feilden, (1994) defines inheritance men tal synthesis in his book, saving of diachronic buildings, that building which gives us a feeling of admiration and make us assume to know more than just about the batch who lived in this building and their civilisation as well as knowing its beautiful, past, archaeological, sparing, mixer, and political comfort.At the set out of last century and after signing the Venice charter in 1964 for architectural preservation, the inheritance building concept has been extended to include all buildings that go through a leak architectural judge and cultural. The architectural preservation concept has also been extended. It has non been modified on archaeological landmarks and religious and palaces as was in the past just now concord to Itma (2007), the buildings that should be conserved have been divided into dickens main types1. Monuments They are important buildings correlated with a collective humanistic value on international, regional, or denominational religious level, and to conserve them, their buffer content essential be retained without all change, this potbelly be applied yet to archaeology and some distinctive architectural buildings such as the Dome of the Rock Jerusalem (Kobbat Assakhra- Kodos) in Palestine and Colosseum in Rome, Italy.2. Documentary buildings They are considered as documentation for historic phases of a inheritance theatre of operations. In general they have little historic value than the foregoing buildings due to their availability in some(prenominal) heavenss around the world. They usually are found in heritage centres for old cities and townsfolks.According to UNESCO World Heritage Website, (30 December 2012), UNESCOs Convention related to the Protection of the World Cultural and graphic Heritage (1972) has defined and classified cultural heritage as followsMonuments architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions , cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of popular opinion of history, art or scienceGroups of buildings groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their show in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or scienceSites works of man or the combine works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.Deciding how old a building mustiness be in order to be called heritage is difficult. In some places, 100 years old is heritage, while in other places, maybe 50 years old is enough. However, based on the Italian Law, Itma (2007) classified buildings as heritage buildings if their age is more than 50 years.2.2.2 Approach of Architectural savingStrategies for action are macrocosm set i n present time in the field of preservation and tax return for heritage buildings according to international standards created by UNESCO, whether by dint of International Conventions issued by International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) or through versions of International Centre for the admit of the economy and riposte of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and conventions issued by World Heritage Centre (WHC), where standard definitions for methods of cultural properties preservation and standards have been issued. Generally, there are seven (7) approaches in a preservation program, use individually or a combination, depend on the circumstances and objectives of a conservation ramble. In the following subsections, some approaches of a conservation program are explored.2.2.2.1 ConservationHeritage building conservation can be described by many an(prenominal) words. According to Norlizaiha Harun (2011), conservation is a technical activity towards heritage buildings. It inc ludes somatogenic action to stay late the fabric and verbal expression material of the heritage buildings. It is a process to prevent decay and the action is aiming to prolong the emotional claim of the buildings. An article, Historic preservation projects can be green, by Wishkoski (2006), defines conservation as a process that preserves, protects and maintains during physical change. The International necessitate for the Conservation and retort of Monuments and Sites in its Venice involve (1964) describes the process of conserving a historical monument as it implies preserving a displace which is non out of scale. Wherever the conventional setting exists, it must be kept. No unused construction, death or alteration which would alter the relations of mass and colour must be allowed. Burra Charter Article 1.4, (1990), defines conservation as all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance.2.2.2.2 PreservationPreservation is a proce ss aiming to stop the deterioration, decay or dilapidation state. It provides geomorphological safety and should be carried out only in such a way that establish of the construction or use of the fabric would non be obscured (Norlizaiha Harun, 2011). According to Civic Amenities Act, (1967) as quoted by Farayune Hajjar (2008), preservation is to protect individual buildings, structures and other artefacts that were preserved because of their relation to the great figures from the nations heritage. Moreover, it was pertain with groups of historic buildings, townscape, and the spaces between buildings. Preservation is also concerned with limiting change, and the conservation is about the inevitability of change and the management of that change.2.2.2.3 RestorationThe Burra Charter (1999) as referred in Article 1.7, defines the proceeds approach as move the subsisting fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of raw material. The Venice Charter (1964) as referred in Article 9, defines the process of restoration as a highly specialised operation that aims to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument with the main focus on respect for sure materials and authentic documents. Accordingly, Restoration is the process of returning a building to its captain condition at a specific time period. It should work from true(a) evidence, as stated in the secretary of interiors guidelines (See Appendix C type no. 6) that repair or replacement of missing architectural features should be based on accurate duplications of features, substantiated by historic, physical, or pictorial evidence rather than on conjectural figure of speechs or the availability of different architectural elements from other buildings or structure. Therefore, the restoration in any case must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical pick out of the monument (Ven ice Charter, 1964).2.2.2.4 reconstructionReconstruction Approach instrument the building of a historic structure using replicated design and/or materials. This approach is taken when a historic structure no longer exists but ask to be physically in place for contextual reasons. Reconstruction means also returning a place to a known earlier state and is heroic from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric (Burra Charter, Article1.8, 1999). Additionally, according to Appleton Charter, (1983) reconstruction means recreation of vanished or irreversibly deteriorated resources.2.2.2.5 refillingRehabilitation in general means that there is a good previous case of an object, then this case has deteriorated due to certain reasons or by the passage of the time. Therefore, this object has become unfit for the modern era and needs to carry out some modifications. These modifications make this object able to inhabit and perform its functions again with retaining its sure value. In particular, architectural rehabilitation means a series of stages of rebuilding a building to its overlord case to perform its old functions or a suitable new function. In other words, it means repairing and developing the building by preserving its parts and components that take in historical, architectural and cultural determine during the eras in which the building has passed since its construction. This means decision a new function for the building that makes the building useful and usable, and at the aforementioned(prenominal) time able to continue to insure the existence of people who perform maintenance works (Itma, 2007). According to Tyler, (1994), rehabilitation describes a suitable approach when existing historic features are damaged or deteriorated but modifications can be made to update portions of the structure, even rehabilitating the building for a new purpose. When rehabilitation is chosen as the usurp intervention technique, alterations or ad ditions may be made, but they should not be confused with original historic elements.2.2.2.6 MaintenanceMaintenance means the continuous protective business organisation of the fabric and setting of a place, and is to be distinguished from repair. The repair involves restoration or reconstruction (Burra Charter, Article 1.5, 1990). Maintenance can also be defined as some work focuses on retaining a shoes in good working condition by repairing features as shortly as deterioration becomes apparent, using procedures that preserve the original case and earth up of the features. In some cases, preventive maintenance is carried out before obtrusive deterioration. Maintaining properties in good condition often assures that more aggressive (and expensive) measures of rehabilitation, restoration, or reconstruction are not inevitable at some in store(predicate) date (Denver Landmark Preservation Commission Planning and Development Office, 1995).2.2.2.7 refurbishmentRenovation is ref urbishing and/or adding to the appearance of an original building or elements of a building in an attempt to renew its appearance in charge with present-day(a) tastes and perceptions of conservation (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 2008). Renovation means also to improve by repair, to revive, and thereby enhance the usefulness and appearance of the building. The elemental character and epoch-making features are respected and preserved, but some alterations may also take place. Alterations that are made are generally reversible, should hereafter owners wish to restore the building to its original design. The words rehabilitation and return are often used interchangeably (Denver Landmark Preservation Commission Planning and Development Office, 1995).2.2.3 Conservation GuidelinesThe design guidelines are prepared to dorsum up property owners, developers, architects, and designers of projects. In other words, they are written to be used by the city planners, Landmarks Commission, architects and developers, and especially the property owners, tenants, and construction trades who may be doing work on an older or heritage building in a city (Williams Elmer, 2010). They offer suggestions for conservation of heritage buildings and compatible new design to maintain buildings historic identity. According to Gioulis (1997), these guidelines are intended to accession public sensation of the value of historic architecture and the importance of design issues.Help reinforce the character of heritage buildings and protect their overall appearance. proceed the integrity of designated heritage areas.Assist property owners and architects in make canonical design decisions.Improve the quality of development.Protect the value of public and head-to-head investment.2.3 Purpose of the Design Guidelines OrganisationThe guidelines are to assist in devising improvements to the exterior of eligible residential, commercial, industrial, insti tutional and agricultural heritage properties, and are not to be interpreted as bylaw requirements. According to Heritage Restoration deliver Program (2009), guidelines for building conservation have two objectivesEnsuring the long-term stability of the building, in terms of its sparing viability, structural improvements and compliance with building codes, when applicable.Restoration and retention of the architectural features which caused the building to be originally ap turn out for assistance.The guidelines avail protect the overall character of the heritage buildings by emphasizing preservation of architectural styles, building character, original features and streetscape elements that make up the communitys unique appealingness of heritage buildings. They provide background information and recommendations to help guide the appropriate conservation work and alterations to existing buildings. For additions, new construction and site work, they stress the compatibility of n ew buildings or features with existing or established historic character (Williams Elmer, 2010).2.4 Assessment of the Current Level of Heritage Conservation and Building Defects al just about previous studies reviewed the conservation activities and assessed the existing conditions of heritage buildings with fetching into consideration, the conditions of building defects and conservation approach used for these buildings. For casing, in Malaysia S. Johar et al (2009) reviewed the conservation activities on a traditional old mosque in Malaysia. They studied the concept and importance of conservation in general, the conservation activities on heritage buildings and mosque in Malaysia, and the approaches used for conserving to preserve the Muslims house of worship. They found that the four key conservation principles namely token(prenominal) intervention, conducting scientific research and laboratories testing, documentation of conservation work and applying effective methods and t echniques for conservation. retardation for conservation program, the seven approaches are preservation, reproduction, restoration, maintenance, redevelopment, rehabilitation and consolidation. Several approaches are normally adopted for one building conservation project. Whats most important is the apology in adopting the approaches so that it complies with one of the key conservation principle, namely nominal intervention.Other research also in Malaysia by A Ghafar Ahmad et al. (2008) highlighted the existing conditions of heritage buildings in Malaysia with the main focus on the conditions of building defects and conservation approach to these buildings. The occupy conducted a pilot survey on several heritage towns and cities based on the existing heritage trail in Malaysia. The broad objective of this pilot survey was to examine the level of building defects and the location of building defects that normally occur in various types of historical buildings in Malaysia. At the s ame time, it also looked into the conservation approaches that has been done to these heritage buildings either the method are acceptable according to the basic principles and philosophy of building conservation. The report found that Malaysia faces several problems in dealing with the issues of heritage buildings.In addition, Hashimah Ismail Shuhana Shamsuddin (2005) highlighted the qualities that support the old bewrayhouses as part of Malaysian heritage. They examined these qualities from two broad aspects, namely contribution to urban form and aesthetic aspects. They sought-after(a) to highlight the strength of the old shophouses and the impending factors that threaten the continuous bearing of these heritages building Malaysian town. The findings indicate that the practice of conserving the old shophouses is still not effective. A more effective measure in preserving the old shop houses needs to be undertaken.A research by Alattar, (2010), investigated a moment of issues i nvolved in the conservation process of the urban heritage of primaeval Baghdad, which encompasses a unique collection of urban forms that belong to different phases of Baghdads history. Her sketch of the conservation efforts in this area revealed the appreciation of the built heritage and the allow to maintain them. On the other hand, it disclosed the uncertainty of the strategies and tools utilised in the conservation process.Itma (2007) presented the situations of conservation projects in Palestine especially in the city of Nablus, by shedding light on the local institutions of labour in the domain of architectural conservation, and their important projects since the agreement of Oslo until 2007. He proved that there was not a complete or an extensive project of conservation in the old city of Nablus, during the mentioned period, but only vitiated projects of maintaining and optimizing the old destroyed buildings. In addition, there was a very limited number of conservation pr ojects conducted on some important heritage buildings in the old city of Nablus, Palestine.Mokadi (2008) highlighted the architectural and physical fabric of the throne villages in Palestine. The study attempted to study the historical centre of Deir Estia as a case study for the throne villages. That is to say, the study attempted to highlight the aspects of deficit and suffering, recent attempts of development, focusing on the available factors that can support establishing a touristry track which can cooperate in memory the centre and enhancing the economic level, and to achieve building a strategy of developing that area. The study found that the throne is now facing rapid change of its physical fabric as a result of political, economic, social, and planning factors, in addition to the shortage of awareness level for the Palestinian character and values.Swilem (2008) aimed at observeing on the sustainability of the popular markets and conserve them as an economical cultural and tourer aspect. Her research attempted also to find solutions to the current market problems as well as to motivate investment in the popular markets through creating job opportunities and investment opportunities. She found that the traditional streets suffer from some problems. To exceed on these problems, the researcher suggested some strategies and policies to achieve sustainable development for the traditional streets.2.5 Conservation Guidelines of Heritage BuildingsConservation guidelines for developing and utilizing heritage building must be created to protect these buildings from random works that influencing the historic value of a heritage building. Preparation of the conservation guidelines helps guide the development of heritage area as well as the development of heritage buildings and lots locate within a heritage area. At the same time, these guidelines guide the conservation of this underutilized area into one of vibrant urban destinations. The guidelines direct development of the site chiefly its public places, individual buildings and lots. This controls the utilization of heritage and new buildings for uses that trust conserve as well as indirectly preserve the area and its heritage buildings.Several previous studies established conservation guidelines of heritage buildings. Alattar, (2010), explored the references for heritage understanding other than the physical structure, including culture, history, and traditions. The researcher tried to promote the awareness of all heritage aspects, and developed guidelines for a strategy that considers all active voice elements of the historical experience and provided a sustainable framework for hereafter conservation plans for heritage buildings in Baghdad.Farayune (2008) provided the design guidelines of conservation Jakarta Kota as a heritage area, which improves and enhances the physical element and environment facilities. It is also in the revival meeting Jakarta heritage area to become attractive place and tourism place in Jakarta. The design guidelines were based on the survey and compend of the study area. The study found that conservation of Jakarta Kota was not only about conservation and preservation of the heritage building, but also about some aspects that need to be put on focus such as social, economic, culture, people activities and environmental facilities. These things can encourage the Jakarta Kota world to be liveable.Abu-Hantash N. A. (2007) investigated the issue of reading of traditional residential buildings to contemporary needs. Her study was an attempt towards the development of a general constitution for conservation and adaptation of traditional residential buildings in the heritage centre of Palestinian cities. The study demonstrated the high potentiality of the traditional house to satisfy the contemporary needs of its inhabitants. In addition, the research revealed that the modification needed varies from one building to another and a re to be determined according to the building value and the level of intervention it allows. The research outlined a general policy and guidelines for housing conservation that could be applied to other heritage cities in Palestinian. In addition, Rabba I. H. (2004) examined the present reality of Dhahrieh old town by documenting its heritage monument and diagnosed the old towns problems and difficulties, in order to identify policies to safeguard its historical heritage. He concluded a set of policies, guidelines and suggestions to conserve the old town of Dhahrieh, Palestine.2.6 Benefits of Conservation of Heritage BuildingsConservation of heritage buildings can generate social, economic and environmental realizes that reach far beyond the virtues of conserving a legacy for future generations. Investment in heritage properties conservation can, for instance, boost property values and tax revenues, create local jobs and skills, attract new businesses, and promote tourism (Municipa l Heritage Partnership Program, 2012). The incorporation of many toss out heritage buildings in the redevelopment process presents numerous advantages. The benefits of conservation of heritage buildings can be classified under three main topics environmental, social, and economic (Stas, 2007).2.6.1 Economic BenefitsConservation of heritage buildings generates economical benefits (economical returns). It represents a good way for national economic development across tourism (Itma, 2007). Conservation of a heritage building is more economic than its demolition or its rebuilding. Several economic jar studies discussed if heritage conservation yields significant benefits to the economy. In other words, these studies ask the question, Is heritage conservation considered as an economic development tool? A significant number of these studies have been undertaken across the U.S., and the answer to this question is a redolent yes-heritage conservation yields significant benefits to the ec onomy. Rypkema (1991) compared the relative costs of building conservation versus new construction, and found that conservation makes more economic finger than new construction. wolf et al (1999) reached the same conclusion documented by Rypkema (1991), in many cases it is more efficient and profitable to conserve heritage buildings than construct a new building.2.6.2 Environmental BenefitsConservation of heritage buildings generates very important benefits to the environment. A number of studies around the world have addressed this subject. Review of the belles-lettres revealed three main environmental benefits gained by conservation including Reduction of baseless materials Preserving of the embody talent and Preserving of the Energy.2.6.2.1 Reduction of Hazardous MaterialsHeritage buildings are more suitable for the environment because they have been built by using traditional materials such as mud, lime and stone. Traditional materials are natural materials. Therefore, the y do not cause any pollution of the environment and also its preparations do not affect the environment. Modern building materials are generally dependent on large scale industrial processes that can emit very substantial levels of greenhouse gases, can require significant energy using up and are often transported hundreds if not thousands of miles. For example the manufacture of cement only when accounts for 3% of greenhouse gases produced worldwide and the manufacture of PVC (Poly vinyl chloride) demands a lengthy process that requires a significant consumption of energy (Donough Cahill, 2004). A study carried out by De Sousa (2001), in the greater Toronto area, Canada found that the decrement of health risks posed by hazardous is the most important environmental benefits associated with Brownfield development. Moreover, vacant properties often contain an array of conditions such as misappropriated dumping, leaking, and fire hazards that pose serious threats to public health and the environment (Schilling, 2002).2.6.2.2 Preserving of the embodied EnergyThe retention of the original buildings embodied energy is one of the main environmental benefits of reusing heritage buildings. Rypkema (2005) defined the term embodied energy as the total expenditure of energy involved in the creation of the building and its constituent materials. The embodied energy can be also defined as the embodied energy is the quantity of energy required by all activities associated with a production process, including the relative proportions consumed in all activities upriver to the acquisition of natural resources and the share of energy used in making equipment and other supporting functions, i.e. Direct plus indirect energy (Treloar, 1997). Wishkoski (2006) gives an example a heritage building with approximately 308,000 exterior bricks, each with an embodied energy value of 14,300 Thermal Units (BTU), represents 4.4 million BTUs of energy expended in the original constructi on of the building, or 1.3 million kilowatt hours of electricity.Planners, architects, investors, and public officials must take into consideration the energy used in the production and assembly of materials needed for new buildings, from their origin to their end of life and subsequent reuse. Conservation causes more than less destruction of the natural resources than new construction. Statistics reveal that building construction consumes 40 percent of the raw materials entering the global economy either year (Bahl, 2005). Interestingly, about 85 percent of the total embodied energy in materials is used in their production and transportation (Bahl, 2005).In Australia, studies showed new buildings have much higher energy costs than buildings that are conserved. In 2001, new buildings accounted for 25 percent of wood harvest, 16 percent of fresh water supplied, 44 % of landfill, and 45 % of carbon dioxide production and up to one-half of the total greenhouse emissions from industri alized countries (Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage, 2004).Besides that, demolition of buildings causes environmental loads. Whereby, the large volumes of construction savage strain landfill capacities and leads to environmental concerns. Therefore, conservation of the heritage buildings is the best resolution for this issue. Rypkema (2005) argues, the process of demolishing a historic building has a significant impact on the environment. When a building is being demolished, first, tens of thousands of dollars of embodied energy are being thrown away. Second, it is being replaced with materials vastly more consumptive of energy. Further, modern construction methods are unbelievably wasteful of resources. Studies show that Up to 25 percent of the total waste generated in the United States and other countries is directly attributed to building, construction, and demolition activities (Bahl, 2005). These waste products can be environmentally hazardous and pollutin g, both as solids and in the atmosphere. The waster also stresses the capacity of landfill sites.2.6.2.3 Preserving of the Energy.Preserving of energy is a great advantage that can be gained from conservation of heritage buildings. The old construction methods were used with taking into consideration to keep the stand out without consuming energy, namely, keeping the heritage building cooling in summer and heating in winter. When a heritage building is preserved or restored, those old cultural methods are preserved and brought back to active duty. Very likely, the old building was strategically placed to get the best orientation to the sun to make the most use of the solar energy, and the interior space and its openings were efficiently organized to keep the air circulating and cool down the space without using any sort of air conditioning and electricity. Preserving a heritage building helps keep off the consumption of additional energy by getting advantage of the old constructio n methods designed to cool and heat the space and keep the weather out without energy consumption (Stas, 2007).2.6.3 Social BenefitsConservation of heritage buildings entails significant social benefits. Those benefits can be categorized under (1) Job creation, (2) criminal offense reduction, and (3) The sense of place factor (Stas, 2007).2.6.3.1 Job CreationOne of the social benefits for conservation of heritage building is job creation. According to Rypkema (1999), investing in vacant properties is an important tool that creates new job opportunities in communities and urban centres. Further, the labour intensity of building conservation generally means that there is a greater local economic impact in jobs and income than with the same amount spent on new construction.2.6.3.2 Crime Reduction ramshackle heritage buildings can quickly become havens for vandals, homeless, arsonists, and drug dealers, and as a result drive down property values, taxes, and services, and discourage inv estment in a community. Schilling (2002) describes the effect of abandoned buildings on communities as a disease that once started it can quickly spread throughout a neck of the woods. The residents often felt unsafe walking on streets that have abandoned buildings.Local governments may succeed conserving one building but often do not have sufficient resources to keep the demand of a growing number of vacant properties. Some property owners feel befuddled in trying to recruit new tenants. Property owners become less interested in investing in these neighbourhoods. Many residents eventually leave while those who remain become accustomed to blight as the neighbourhood deteriorates. This cycle continues with each new pocket of vacant and abandoned properties (Schilling, 2002). In Contrast, by conserving those vacant properties for another use, the illegal activities that used to occur in those properties will be eliminated, which will bring peace and safety back to the neighbourhood. 2.6.3.3 The Sense of Place FactorThe built and natural environments are elements that express the distinctiveness of a community or a neighbourhood. Rypkema (1999) wrote about the sense of community and ownership A sense of ownership acknowledges an individual benefit from, an individual stake in, and an individual responsibility for ones pl