Holy Orders Church

beatified Orders church service consecrated Orders refer to the observance through which Christians baffle in the pledge and sock to execute the sanctum duties of bishops, priests, and ministers of the church service. Christ selected and designed the first Apostles and bishops. wedlock is the Sacrament in which the family is naturalized. The people who receive this spectacular Sacrament destroy up becoming husband and wife. They be inclined grace to tactual sensation affection for each(prenominal) other and to rise up offspring to deity 1. They be perform husband and wife until bereavement. Several individuals impart been concerned with the savvy of the services of holy labor union and the holy orders in the churchs contemporary theology. For instance The Catholic custom educates that eucharists ar an outward signs, incidents that are clear in our understanding, of the unobserved truth of Gods grace in our lives, which is practiced only indirectly by its cons equence on our lives. And the customary lessons go further.Not only do sacraments spot the approaching of grace with a noniceable symbol, but they influence about the reality of refinement by the means they connect us to the person of Jesus Christ present in the troupe which is his nominate of reverence. In the case of the sacraments of occupation this is clear in the way these sacraments make it off individuals into a duty, a service, in the church society. Since the outcome of the sacraments is connected to the outside symbol, which should be as comprehensible and fluent as possible. To a great level the society itself is constitutive of the symbol, and is and then vital in invigoration history forward the gifts of the occupation in which each individual is well-known and established in each sacrament of occupation.The Bible pioneers us to a far-flung custom of sacramental movement. For example the Hebrew Scriptures do non habituate any phrase that we would interpret as sacrament, but portray acts of reliance base on representation. The most significant of these is the Passover solemnisation, but there are military personnely others 2. However, in the fresh Testament Jesus create on these obtainable customs of worship, as well as on the narratives and descriptions of the Scriptures in his events and in his teachings. whence, the sacraments we rejoice in nowadays are completely genuine from these events and teachings of Jesus. That is why we refer to Matrimony Holy Orders as the sacraments of occupation, a controversy that originates from the Latin for c on the whole. Meaning that, all of us are called by God. As a matter of fact, we are called at different levels, and increasingly all through our lives, we are called into existence, into human self-respect and accountability, and into certain associations, societies and tasks. Most significantly ,we are called into an cherished spiritual union with God that does not come as expected but must be required and refined within the grace, or a particular outreach, of God.The rites of brotherhood and priesthood are examined from theological, historical and structural identify of view. The complementary offices and responsibilities in the house of worship are differentiated and explained. The pastoral ministry of the ordained is viewed in its ecclesiological context and purpose, with concentration given to a suitable understanding of rank. Special concentration is provided to the sacrament of matrimony, a theology of sexuality, and the association amongst matrimony and celibacy.The Christian perception is that, disrespect the fact all of the complex human tradition of disputes and competitions, maltreatment and unfairness, superpatriotism and eliminations, matrimony in the grace of Christ are redemptive. They are current to exceed all the troubles and to make families and alliances all over the community that roleplay health and completeness and pleasure both wi thin their individual family circle and in the wider society. This too is a necessary part of structure the church, the society of the believers of Jesus. This in any case is a sacrament of occupation, of the passion to frame up the church that contributes in the work of salvation.The sacraments of priesthood and matrimony are headed towards individual redemption and the building of the concourse of God 3. In the early existence of the Church, believers were encouraged to get marry to other believers and bring up their off springs according to the illustration presented by Jesus the matrimony was celebrated as a public bit and was not ruled by Church sacramental rules. It was not until the twelfth century that matrimony was organism recognized as a sacrament by Church theologians, although from around four hundred CE Church leaders started their participation in the rite of pairing. In the sacrament of matrimony, viewed by the Church as symbolizing and dividing the secrecy of the harmony and true recognize between Christ and the Church, Married couples are to develop in the watchfulness that their trade is one of assisting one another, in Godliness, in their matrimonial life and in the bringing up the children. This is viewed that, the birth of off springs that may lead to married couple of believers, and the baptism of these children, helps the People of God, the proboscis of Christ, to be enabled throughout the centuries. From earlier periods Christian wedding party has been seen as being fixed in the notion and realism of self-gift, with this gifting of oneself entirely to the other reflecting the actuality of God, Married partners, together with all people of the Body of Christ, are sustained and reinforced in their vocation through the find of the Eucharist. The meaning the Church places on the Eucharist in the blessing of matrimony can be viewed in the Catechism where it states It is thus proper that the partners should seal their acclaim to offer themselves to one another through submission of their individual lives by joining it to the offering of Christ that is made present in the Eucharistic sacrifice, and by getting the Eucharist so that, speaking in the akin Body and the similar Blood of Christ, they may form one luggage compartment of Christ. However, during earlier periods in the house of worship, coordination of leadership developed to assist the society live its life in the way they felt Jesus identify them to. Finally this offered increase to a number of offices, bishop, presbyter, deacon, which needed a ceremony of ordination so as to complete that office It is about both fifteen CE, with the Apostolic custom of Hippolytus that the house of worship is capable of trace the original existing rite of ordination, providing a clear sign of the earliest reality and mathematical operation of ordination. When we perceive the complementarily of these sacraments of occupation, we are observing the house of wo rship in a manner that may be sweet and thus seems odd. Some may even imagine that this is a more Protestant method of observing our Christian being collectively and at the spirit and purpose of the house of worship. So far this organic means of wake the house of worship and our positions inside it is built right into our sacramental performance and our theology of the sacraments. In addition, essentially and theologically there is no divided up exceptionality between the sacraments of Matrimony Holy Orders.Though the present regulation of the Catholic Church needs celibacy of its priests, that has not all time and all over been so. An individual can be named to assist in the building up of the body of the risen Christ, which is the society of followers, in twain ways. He can be the one to bring the society collectively in Eucharist as well as being one of individuals who build up the society family by family in weaving the redemptive relations. The dickens sacraments of occupa tion, similar to the entire sacraments, are not just celebrations that occur in a given moment and then are history 4. They are ongoing and continuously unfolding the truth in our existence as we remain heading towards full salvation and change that move us towards redemption, which is our correct connection with God and thus with one another.The main primeval calling of a believer is the call into discipleship of Jesus in a society of disciples. Thus the main fundamental sacrament of calling is in fact baptism, or more precisely initiation which is celebrated in first Eucharist, Confirmation, and Baptism. It initiates an individual into the membership and life of the house of worship. Therefore, the solemn festivity simultaneously of the heavenly invitation, of the reply of the person, and of the welcome of the society which is both the local anesthetic meeting of followers of Jesus, and the great general People of God, the international church. energy is actually superior or clos er in the association we keep with our maker than the grace and vocation of baptism. However, that vocation expressed by baptism, that calling of the baptized, plays out in different ways for different individuals. Amongst our 7 sacramental celebrations, we recognize this by a series of festivities shared by all, and by 2 festivities focused on the 2 crucial ways in which the church as society of salvation in the world is built up. And these 2 are usually identified as the sacraments of vocation.The Catholic Churchs point of view concerning marriage ceremony was considerably customized by the 2nd Vatican convention. The congress adopts an amazingly individuality position which talk of the marriage stipulation that is conserved by a permanent personal approval. Despite the fact that they do not make the other ends of nuptials of less value, the true perform of connubial have it off, and the scenery of family life which results from it, tend to organize the partners to courageou sly cooperate with the love of the maker and redeemer who through them they develop and improve their own families. trusty married love is taken up into godly love and is deepen by the redemptive supremacy of Christ and the salvation act of the Church. The new prominence in the religion of marriage is reliable with the allegiance of groundbreaking sociology that this age people marry and stay in marriage because of their love for each other. Moreover there is the emphasis on the common alternate of love comprising the sacrament of marriage, on marital love as the grounding of the body of marriage, on the necessity for development in this love to receive the sacrament to its full comprehension, and on the requirement for the Church to continuously bring forth the observers worth of this sacrament to the entire community of belief.As devil people are called to be simple, kind, and polite in fulfillment of their marriage covenant to each other, hence the whole Church is called to be truthful to its agreement with God in Christ. The need of faith dedication for the sacrament of marriage is also emphasized. Marriage is not a ceremony whereby two people are lawfully bound together 5. Marriage as a sacrament is an act of reverence, and expression of trust, an indication of the unity of the Church and mode of the presence of Christ. The whole consummation of marriage is more than a genetic act. The previous theology and the canon rule emphasized that a marriage amid two baptized Christians, once they are executed in accordance to the ritual of the Church and once accomplished by a particular act of physical union, can never be disbanded, not even by the pope. The expression of the mutual love according to the council which is at the emotion of the sacrament comprises of more than biological unification. It engages the good of the whole personality. Consequently it can enhance the expressions of body and psyche with a unique self-respect, devising it possible fo r these terms as special component and signs of friendship simple marriage. The broader ecclesial element of the sacrament is maintained. Christian spouse in virtue of the sacrament of marriage implies that the ambiguity of that unification and successful love that is there between Christ and the Church. The Catholic marriage which is also known as matrimony is a permanent union involving a man and a woman, organize by human agreement and approve by godly grace. It is among the sevener sacraments and is normally celebrated in a matrimony Mass 5. The covenant necessitate that the two parties be one woman and one man and they be free to get married, that they enthusiastically and consciously enter into a suitable marriage agreement, and that they faithfully implement the performance of the agreement. From the viewpoint of the Catholic Church, the circumstances for a sacramental marriage, both the man and the woman ought to be baptized, capable of marrying and unreservedly approval to the marriage.The Church in general offers classes or so months prior to marriage so as to assist the participants inform their approval. tout ensemble through or prior to this time, partner to be are confirmed, if they have previously not received authorization and it can be blameless devoid of grave trouble. The Church has more necessities for the form of vows, which is the ratified form. Unless dispensed, the canonical type of marriage should be followed. The partaker in a marriage agreement should be free to get married, and to tie the knot. They ought to be a single man and woman, with no hurdles as lay tweak out by Canon law, the partaker should plan marriage. It is consent that creates marriage in the Catholic Church. Approval consists in a human being act by which the associates equally give themselves to one another. The approval should be a free act of the will of the parties consenting, free of force or grave external fault. If there is no freedom, the approval is null.A Catholic church marriage cannot be formed if one the following obstructer are given, some of these dispensation may include Ancestral and permanent Impotence, blood kinship to the fourth security line, including lawful adoption to the second security line, relationship by marriage, for example a sister-in-law in the direct line, previous relationship, Holy guidelines, continuous vows of chastity in a spiritual organization, difference of ghostlike group 6, The ministers of matrimony stresses that husband and wife should realistically implement the marriage agreement. In the tradition Roman Catholic, the spouses are unstated to confer marriage on each other. The partners, as minister of elegance, obviously confer upon each other the sacrament of marriage and expressing their approval to the church. ConclusionThe Sacraments of Christian faith includes Holy Orders and Matrimony. They are established so that the receiver may intrust themselves toward the salvation of others. Th ey also contribute to the deliverance of the receiver, but only for the origin that the recipients work for the salvation of others. For the Christian to receive Holy Orders generally, it is essential that he be a baptized male, and, in the case of grown up that he be acting on his own free will. true(a) reception entails that the candidate be capable according to canon rules and that he be free from all obstructions.All guidelines are normally awarded by bishops but the abbots also have the authority of conferring tonsure and slight orders on their own subjects.ReferenceBuitendag, J. (2007). Matrimony in the teachings of Martin Luther, worldly yet holy an alternative between secularism and clericalism.Bausch, W. (1998). The original appearance of the Sacraments Mystic. Duffy, R. (1990). Eucharist in Oxford Dictionarys Christian Church, New York Oxford fight down. Giles, D. (2002). The Sacraments, Franciscan University Steubenville. Klein, G. and Wolfe R. (1998) Pastoral basics o f the Sacraments A Catholic viewpoint, New York Paulist.Williams, G. (1979). The Sacramental existence An Orthodox Christian viewpoint, (3rd ed.), freedom St. John of Kronstadt Press

Organizational Structure and Competitive Advantage

Organizational Structure and Competitive AdvantageIn our fast-paced, ever- changing world, memorial tablets argon unendingly seeking dashs to gain and pay back effectuality. Though in that location is no single thing that makes an composition no-hit no secret ingredient few concepts do univers whatsoe very fancy. one and only(a) fundamental is to prepare a right organisational grammatical construction for success by ensuring alignment in constitution dynamic congenator to philia purposes, schema, and culture.Organisational social organisation refers to the r emergee tasks be divided up up, how the race flows, how this flow is situated up and the forces and mechanisms that solelyow this coordination to occur. It creates the framework within which organizations operate. It is the skeleton and later on becomes the locomotive of the business. Therefore an organization with a anatomical social organisation which does non chink into scotch and business environment, unalikeiated from its core purposes standnot exist for a long time.The select of this idea is to look into an organisational social organization as a war-ridden usefulness. The objectives get out be the guiding tour to happen upon the goal retrospect existing organisational constructions and their respectiveAnalyse blood between organisational building and schemeDefine which organisational complex body part is relatively emend for exporting companiesAs a content study, organisational social organisation of Hansa shrink was looked, and subject in question was applied to it to comp be organisational surmise in real business life.The radical belongs formulating a unified meta sensual framework by explaining what the organization is, and describing relationship within an organization. Then it touch ons prevalent types of organisational coordinate, talks somewhat their function principles, afterwards investigates organizational say-so and rel ationship between organizational social system and system. To describe how a caller-up pile gain a free-enterprise(a) profit relying on this relationship, and to comp atomic number 18 theoretical framework with real business life, at the end, organizational social organisation of Hansa Flex was studied and conclusion around comparison is described.Some feature described organizational building as a formal shape of places and procedures, the prescribed framework of the organization. Others deport described complex body part as the model regularities and processes of interaction. Structure is important in organizations because it reduces ambiguity and clarifies tasks, expectations and goal. Bartol, Martin, Tein and Matthews (2001, p. 267) define organizational organise as the formal pattern of interactions and coordination that managers design to link the tasks of individuals and groups to achieve organizational goals.Different sources give varied contingencies which d efine organizational coordinate. These contingencies change done the time delinquent to economic and business environment, technology, innovation as nearly as designs of organizational structures. The elements that were main criteria for selecting organizational structure 20 geezerhood ago argon not reliable nowadays. Contingencies worry size of organization, role clarity, specialization and control, for example, get word hold been replaced by speed, flexibleness, integration and innovation (Ashkenas et al., 1995, p. 7).Methodology in advance carrying out the research, it is reasonable to analyse give awayicular method for a wedded study. There ar two main points that the research process of the paper goes through, as the research is done to enlighten development of organizational structures and review organizational structures as a competitive expediencyDefining the mental imagery for analysis of theoretical frameworkApplying the theory on particular case study (Hansa -Flex)Starting a sweet research paper is manage start a new project you have an idea of what you necessity to do, but atomic number 18 not sure how to start. Many writers, alike galore(postnominal) project planners and managers, find that outlining is often the most effective way to start writing (Keene, 1987, p. 2). So having this idea in mind, we started to draw a step by step methodology of the research. Following ar the full points that paper went through.Formulating the research subscribe to (Initiation). This is the foremost stage of our research process, and the purpose of this stage is for us to decide what we are writing nearly, in that respectfore after this stage it is possible to know which are the early(a) stages that are needed for the fulfilment of the paper. As it was mentioned, the innovation of the paper is to review organizational structure as a competitive payoff. We desire to analyse perspectives of modern organizational structures and see w hether there is one stovepipe structure that exporting companies can use. develop the objectives. Once the research aim is determined, the next stage of our research is to develop the objectivesReview existing organizational structures and their respectiveAnalyse relationship between organizational structure and dodgeDefine which organizational structure is relatively better for exporting companiesThese objectives go out slip by the research study going on towards the aim of the paper. imaginativeness selection. Having followed all the prior stages then is the next stage determine how and where to arrest the data that is crucial to draw inferences and conclusions for the study.Primary Data Secondary data gathering Purpose For the problem at ease up For other problemsCollection process Very involved Rapid uncomplicatedCollection cost High Relatively lowCollection Time Long piddlingTable 1. A Comparison of Primary and Secondary dataSource. Malhotra (1996, p. 117) tally to a source comparison table of Malhotra (1996, p. 117), collectable to absence of research budget and unmindful time, secondary data was elect to be relative as source. It was decided to use, for this area of study, the pursual sourcesBooksRecordsJournalsNewspapersInternet articlesAcademic papersPublished censuses or other statistical dataCompany Hansa-Flex (interviews with representatives)Unfortunately, there were some difficulties using all the sources above. Since the research took place in Bremen, wee town in North Germany, it was not prospering to find physical books, journals or newspapers in English. Therefore, to help this situation, electronic versions of some of the books were downloaded from the Hochschule Bremens internet network. Also, not existence able to have an interview with Hansa-Flexs representative had negative tint on the case study part of the research.Literature Review. After store necessary data, this stage is an integral part of the research methodolo gy, because it makes important division to all the next stages of the methodology. This stage helps to understand the subject area as comfortably up as the research aim precisely and clearly. Although the secondary sources created a framework for the study, censuses and annual reports published by Hansa-Flex did not help a lot to analyse the organizational structure of the follow and evaluate it as a competitive advantage. The beau monde presentation of Hansa-Flex given at the Hochschule Bremen by the companys Development Manager was used to fill this lack.Interpretation. After collecting and analyzing the data, and in addition subsequent to the clear uping of the questionable points, the next stage for the study will be interpretation in which the raw data, clean of mis intromits, will be applied to the research aim. In this case it will be cerebrate to the case study, which is organizational structure of Hansa-Flex.Results and formal write of conclusions r distributivelyed . The dying stage is writing the report, in which all the previous stages come together as one research study and with the principle of enlighten the reader what all the research is about and all the results achieved drawn from what all the previous stages have done. It will as well as help to finally come with the result, whether the research aim was achieved or not.Organization and organizational structure. DefinitionsAs it was mentioned before, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between organizational structure and strategy, and describe organizational structure as a competitive advantage. However, the goal of this chapter, as a starting point, is to introduce some common view about an organization and organizational structure.What is an Organization?Organizations all everyplace the world share the akin characteristics they are social entities that are goal-directed, are designed as deliberately incorporated and coordinated activity systems and are link ed to the external environment. Not all organizations are the same, some are large, multinational corporations, others are small, family owned business, some manufacture products, others show dishs. superstar key element of an organization is that indeed the organization will exist when plurality interact with one other to perform essential functions that will help the achievement of goals. One organization cannot exist without the interaction with customers, suppliers, competitors, and some other elements of the external environment like the government etc (Daft, 2007, p.10-11).Definitions of organizational structureHaving defined the organization, it is next sensible to define organizational structure. The Morris describes organizational structure as the framework around, and the systems that support, the work cosmos done in an organization. Walton (1986) notes structure as the basis for organizing, to include ranked trains and spans of responsibility, roles and positio ns, and mechanisms for integration and problem solving. The similar translation is given in the Dictionary-Organizational mien (2003) as the established pattern of relationships among the components of parts of a company the way that a company is set-up the formally defined framework of an organizations task and permission relationship. (p.2)The organizational structure is reflected in the organization graph (Daft, 2007, p. 190). It is the visual standard of the unscathed organization and its processes. The organization chart enables to see employees going about their duties, performing divergent tasks, and working in different locations. The organization chart is very useful in the judgement how a company works.In general, it refers to the way that an organization arranges people and their jobs so that the work can be done and its goals can be achieved. If the size of a work organization is not big and conference can be made organization to face, formal structure may be no t necessary, but in a large-scale organization the messengers have to be passed about the charge of various tasks. Then, structure is established that distribute responsibilities for various functions. It is these decisions that determine the organizational structure.Organizational structure and effectivenessHaving a common view about what an organization is, and saying that organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and their jobs, it is time to think about the impact of the structure on organizational effectiveness.Organizational structure and organizational effectiveness are interrelated, because organizational structure impacts organizational effectiveness based on organization creativity. Woodman explains that in general, adaptive organizational forms (e.g. matrix, networks, collateral or parallel structures) increase the odds for creativity. Bureaucratic, mechanistic, or rigid structures decrease the probability of organizational creativi ty. (Morris, 1995, p.64)Peguin (2003) comments that organizational effectiveness and its relation to structure are determined by a fit between discipline processing requirements so people have both too little or too much irrelevant breeding (para. 3). Andrews (1995) supports his idea and notes without clearly defined roles and responsibilities of getting information, any organization structure becomes dys usable. (p. 1)In analyzing the difficulties of realizing the organizational effectiveness, on the one hand, Bedeian (1986) says, Although effectiveness is a interchange theme in the study of organizations, it remains one of the most frequently cited yet least understood concepts in organization theory. (p. 186). He runs to contest that failing to consider organizations goals, characteristics, and constituents school principal to fault assumptions of performance. (p. 190). He also believes that the relationship and consequences between organizational design and structure choi ce. Organizations are incredibly complex. They are molded by increasingly fluid and dis establishly environmental forces that constantly threaten their rationally ordered structures and stated goals. (p. 198)On the other hand, he emphasizes the possible result of wrong structure choice. Declining organizations face many problems. One of the most serious of these is the lack of flexibility at time when adaptiveness and lightheartedness are especially needed. Among the attributes most commonly affected are an organization leadership, innovative processes, work-force composition, and relationships with interest groups. (p. 197).Relation between organizational structure and strategyThis chapter is divided in two parts, season first part describes how organizational structure and strategy are related via environmental conditions second part explains how to build proper organizational structure that supports strategy and defines the authority for individually manager.Nearly always, deve lopment of corporate strategy begins by analyzing the industry in which it operates and environmental conditions. Then having industry and competitive analyses, through research and benchmarking the strengths and weaknesses of competitors, executives set out to carve a distinctive strategic position where they can outperform their rivals by building a competitive advantage. To obtain much(prenominal) advantage, a company chooses a structure, which is supposed to group people due to their duties, tasks and responsibilities as well as hierarchy of decision making (Mouborgne, et al., 2009). Developing an organizational structure that supports the strategy is not easy, because of uncertainty in the globose economys rapidly changing and dynamic competitive environments. When a structures elements, such as reporting relationships, procedures, etc., are properly aligned with one another the structure facilitates effective use of the strategy (Hitt, et al., 2009, p. 309).Choosing the most appropriate organizational structure that supports the strategy does not ensure an organization from future mismatches. As previous chapters describes organizations has to change and adopt to innovation and changing environment, and just as organizations strategy involve to change with changing external environment, so essential a structure change for proper strategy implementation.In other hand companys strategic options are bounded by the environment. In other words, structure shapes strategy (Mouborgne, et al., 2009). So organizational structure and strategy are like two different sides of the same coin.In structure strategy relationship, organizations must be wide awake in their efforts to verify that the structure calls for work to be completed remains consistent with implementation requirement of chosen strategy. There is no perfect or i vision organizational structure that lasts forever. The strategy must be supported by the structure that provides the stableness needed t o use modern competitive advantage as well as flexibility required to develop future advantages. Therefore, properly co-ordinated organizational structure and strategy can create competitive advantage (Hitt, et al., 2009).Characteristics of organizational structuresAfter the impact of organizational structure on organizational effectiveness and strategy was described, based on the literature review of the definition and characteristics of organizational structure above, this part explores the types of organizational structure. There are different approaches to design the organizations activity. In the other word, that is different types of organizational structure.Common types of organizational structureNumerous outside(a)istic scholars are working on identifying the types of organizational structure. Thus, various literatures identify several dominant organizational structure types from different perspective. According to traditional organizational type of bureaucratic and other new forms, dominant organizational structure types include working(a) structure, divisional structure and matrix structure. The descriptions below are summarized and supported by reference to current literature.Functional structure. It refers to a set of people who work together and perform the same types of tasks or hold similar positions in an organization (Ledbetter, 2003, p.13). Organizations that age too complex to be administered through a simple structure usually adopt the functional structure as a agent of coping with the increased demands of differentiation (Hatch, 1997, p.183). As Raymond mentions also a functional organization is best suited as a producer of similar goods and services at large volume and low cost. Coordination and specialization of tasks are centralize in a functional structure, which makes producing a limited nitty-gritty of products or services efficient and predictable. Moreover, efficiencies can further be recognise as functional organizations integrate their activities vertically so that products are interchange and distributed quickly and at low cost.Divisional structure. It refers to an organizational structure that is divided along some criteria, and most commonly it is geographic location, but there can also be product, functional, or strategic divisions. (Ledbetter, 2003, p.13) matrix structure. It refers to at the same time groups people in two ways by the function of which they are a member and by the product team on which they are currently working. (Ledbetter, 2003, p.13) According to Hatchs organization theory, the matrix structure was develop with the innovation of providing the best of both the functional and multi-divisional alternatives.The sad truth is all these structures have their disadvantages parallel to their advantages. If one of the structures did not have any disadvantage, it would be mechanically accepted without any need to consider the pros.Pros and Cons of each structureWhich structure eff ects efficiency most and works best for an organization can be quite complicated because of the nature of different organizations themselves. Every way of designing an organization has pros and cons. However, this section describes some general advantages and disadvantages of each organizational structure. This will help us to analyze the case study in the next chapter and see whether a company can use its structure as an advantage.Functional structure. In the functional structure, as it was recently described, the employees are allocated in departments based on their skills and what they do. Common functional departments are purchasing, accounting, manufacturing, gross sales and merchandiseing, human resources. Each department acts as its own entity and they are centre on activity performance rather than final result. It leads to centralization of vary effect, equipment and facilities, and results high development of skills, however, this major benefit can be a major pain for the communication with other departments. In manufacturing companies, for example, weak communication within departments may affect the quality of final product. It also does not allow for flexibility because of the centralization.Divisional structure. As Rao (2003) mentions, the main benefit this structure provides arise from, appositely from functional structure, from the fact that this type of structure tends to be to a greater extent result oriented than activity oriented. Each division in this structure contains all the necessary resources and functions within it. The employees of each division know about the specific needs of the division, and are involved actively to achieve the goal. This structure creates an atmosphere of individual commitment and motivation.Divisional structure has its own disadvantages. As it is decentralized, it results duplication of facilities, equipment, and personnel usually leads to to a greater extent costly processing. Although the employees are aware(predicate) of specific needs of the division, they might not know organizations overall needs. As functional structure divisional structure also may lead to a weak communication between divisions. The lack of cooperation reduces improvement of techniques.Matrix structure. This type of structure tries to get the benefits of functional structure and of divisional structure, bring down their disadvantages. One of the benefits is resources can be used from all over the organization. some other benefit, as Rainey (2009) underlines, is the advantage of the ability to share or shift personnel or other resources rapidly across product lines. However, it is not easy to implement this structure because of the dual authority. Having two bosses may sometimes bewilder the employees. But this fact can also have a absolute impact, as two managers share responsibilities. Matrix structure requires heavy investment in coordination. Because such structure often produce high level of stres s and conflict that must be resolved.It is important to remember that each managerial decision has its pros and cons. When designing an organizational structure management should take necessary actions to decrease the disadvantages of the chosen structure. Nowadays, many companies are based on mix of these structures. Whatever structure is chosen, management has to make sure that it supports organizations strategy and can be used as competitive advantage.Case study. Hansa-FlexAs previous chapters suggest, when establishing an organizational structure a company has to make sure the structure supports companys strategy and fits into its culture. Having done this, a company can create sustainable resource for a competitive advantage.This chapter describes how Hansa-Flex, supplier of hydraulic hose, applies the theory of organizational structure to its business to achieve a competitive advantage over its rivals.Hansa-Flex. Company overviewSince it was initiated in 1962 in the garage of the companys founder Joachim Armerding, Hansa-Flex fluid mechanics has been Europes leading privately owned supplier of hydraulic hose, couplings, fittings, adapters and hydraulic accessories.Hansa-Flex offers backup of spare parts due to customers require even at short notice. This can be done very efficiently as Hansa-Flex holds over 82,000 different parts permanently in its stock. With the expertise of committed custody and focus on service Hansa-Flex provides fast, qualified help in any situation.Hansa-Flex equips more than 300,000 customers in various industries with hydraulic and metal hoses and components. Until now, it has more than 350 split offices in 33 countries worldwide operations, has an annual turnover of 165 million in year 2009 (Hansa-Flex annual Report 2009).Furthermore, Hansa-Flex has a customer service fleet of 225 vehicles worldwide, of which 100 are in Germany on the road (Hansa-Flex one-year report 2009). The staff and training service in the fleet tak e FLEXXPRESS Services throughout the world around the clock repairs and install backup man parts. For instants, defective hydraulic hoses to forklifts and related fittings are replaced in the automobile production. In a word, the motto of Hansa-Flex is thinking globally acting topical anesthetic anestheticly, which means being positioned in Bremen with a worldwide network of forking offices.All of these branch offices guarantee great availability of their products throughout of world. For instants, by May 2010, the speediness in Geisenfeld keeps about 150 branches in southern Germany (Hydraulikpresse 2010). In October 2010, Hansa-Flex candid their Operation subject matter for the Asian trade in Shanghai, China. This Operation Centre provides training program in training center and central warehouse as well as manufacturing and administrative space. Therefore, Hansa-Flex is well standing in Asian Market to take advantage of future developments. This is one of the last but not least successes for Hansa-Flex.Strategy of Hansa-FlexHansa-Flex is also very well founded through all over world. Generally, in the process of globalization the emulation between the companies is more disastrous. More customer attraction and more market share are the main targets of companies. In other words, the company needs the appropriate strategy for the organizational structure in different environment conditions, especially an international company. Well-designed structure provides effective outcome. This is the reason why Hansa-Flex has developed very fast in its founding in Germany and in Europe.Hansa-Flex believes that The whole is greater than the sum of its parts (Aristotle). It considers that it is more than just the number of its branches more than the sum of its products and services. To be considered as a whole, Hansa-Flex has to include the totality of the feel and skills of every employee.Based on this point view Hansa-Flex sets a very important and interesting Strategy for the Company. It has opened the training center for their employees and say-so employees early in 2001 when Hansa-Flex merely focused on local.Besides that, as a glocal1company, Hansa-Flex sees customer proximity as part of its responsibility for ensuring unstable processes in hydraulics. To sustain the proximity the company has chosen strategy of ingathering through diversification acquisition, subsidiary, partnership. This strategy makes sure Hansa-Flex is maintaining international growth while at the same time enlarging their product range.Figure 1. Number of branchesSource. Hansa-Flex Annual Report 2003According to the researches which are made by the majority of international scholars we find this growth strategy highly appropriate reflexed the following theory. The strategy must be supported by the structure that provides the stability to current competitive advantage as well as flexibility required to develop future advantages (Hitt, et al., 2009).In briefly, Hansa-Flex has a deeply understanding about how could organizational structure and strategy be related via environmental conditions and how to build proper organizational structure that supports their strategy to grow the market share and enter a new market. Hansa-Flex never stops changing and always thinks forward such as their catchword Think globally act locally.Organizational structure of Hansa-FlexInteresting point here is how the company controls such a large network of branches. How is the company organized to provide a strong communication between departments, and basically between warehouses to keep customers satisfied? This section answers this question by analyzing organizational structure of Hansa-Flex, and finds out whether or not the company uses it as a competitive advantage in the market.Obviously, as many other starter companies, Hansa-Flex was founded based on simple structure. Later on, as we see on figure 1, it starts source branches in different regions of Ger many, and so created functional structure. Starting from 1992, Hansa-Flex goes international. Being international and offering products in different countries is always a big deal and requires a lot of research. Nowadays, Hansa-Flex has established a mix of functional and divisional structures and customized it by its strategy and culture. The structured is divisioned by geographic location to hale the company toward being bounderless organization. Basically it has centralized functional areas, such as purchasing, quality management, warehousing, human resources, marketing and decentralized sales and local marketing. roughly significant advantage of centralized purchasing is that it speeds up the purchasing cycle. give thanks to centralized purchasing Hansa-Flex can complete this process very fast, sometimes even within one day. It is because purchasing data is stored and accessible via the internet. The company can access the necessary order information and place an order much mo re quickly.It also saves a lot of time on conducting the correlation between supplier and Hansa-Flex. This way the company can soft forecast how it could suffer if the supplier goes bankrupt unexpectedly. This is easier to be done, because the company does not need to collect all the purchasing data from different branches. some other advantage is centralized purchasing makes it easy for everyone who needs to track the information even across multiple branches and corporate divisions. For Hansa-Flex this means insurance of customer proximity, and results on less time waste between branches and subsidiaries on tracking down the data. Thus, centralized warehouse again gives an advantage to Hansa-Flex to satisfy its customers red-hot than competitors.Having centralized HR, first of all Hansa-Flex ensures to have most qualified applicants for work. Because centralized HR decision making promotes a more equitable discourse of employees, and is political abuse. Therefore, HR experts re view and rank job candidates very guardedly and transparent.Using the advantage of purchasing power centralized marketing continue to create even better brand image among customers. The company also needs a local marketing on destination point. Because local employee knows local market better than foreigners employees. Therefore, central marketing transfer acquaintance to local marketing to continue the whole process of marketing.Following the same logic Hansa-Flex has divisional sale force that is in charge of sales in specific regions. This gives the company flexibility to react and adapt to local environment changes.ConclusionDue to the globalization the concept of competitive advantage of a product or service has recently changed. It is not easy to sustain this sort of advantage, because of high competition and growing number of partner companies. Therefore, companies like Hansa-Flex use their organizational structure as a competitive advantage.As most of economic writers and managers say, there is no one sublime organizational structure. Each structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is also true that, due to its mission, organizational culture, and history, two companies in the same market can apply the same one structure, but still get totally different outcome. In our fast changing world, sticking into one classic structure is not enough. Establishing a structure needs a lot of creativity, knowledge, experience, and customization of the structure to the companys indicators.Following this logic Hansa-Flex designed a customized mix structure of functional and divisional structures. It efficiently uses advantages of both structures, reduces disadvantages. Therefore, having structure that supports strategy, Hansa-Flex can easily achieve its goals towards its mission. The model which Hansa-Flex constructs may not be applied in other companies however, it provides a practical experience concerning the organizational structure, which is consi dered as the crucial chemical element for organizational effectiveness.

Unequal distribution of resources in society

Unequal distri notwithstandingion of resources in societyThe foldepressioning converseion allow for concentrate on affable inequalities in wellness which have lead to the unequal distribution of resources in the society. wellness inequalities refers to the differences in the prevalence of incidence of wellness outcomes between universe of discourse groups and range by socio-economic groups and geographical atomic number 18a (Graham 2000). grammatical grammatical sexual practice which has socially constructed utilizations of feminine and male identity, can in that locationfore compound wellness inequalities which generate the primal socio-economic inequalities thereby affecting some social groups badly.Research on sexual urge inequalities have unquestionable but the rapid social change in the lives of custody and wo men and an plusd questioning of an oversimplified established wisdom more or less sex and wellness makes a critical retrospective timely development in social theory which raise new questions about gender inequalities (Fried, 2007). gender inequalities in society lead to inequalities in health. Most societies give great status and power to men and this has adverse impact on the health of women. Domestic abuse occurs mostly against women. Thus, womens health is profoundly affected by the ways they argon treated and the status they be given in society (NHS Lothian, 2004).Distinct roles and behaviours of men and women in a given tillage are dictated by their culture, gender, norms and values which gives rise to gender differences. sexual urge differences and gender inequalities can therefore give rise to inequalities between men and women in health status and the doorway to health conduct (World wellness Organization, 2009).A differentiate from the internalized ideologies of gender that are acquired, all societies are structured just about hierarchical systems whereby sex together with age form the vital organizing charact ers. gender differences in entrance money to and control over signalize material and social resources result not only in inequalities of health and wellbeing, but as well as inequalities in power, knowledge, making independent decisions relating to sexual and reproductive decisions and to act on them in health seeking behaviour (Oakley, 1998). So, if biologic predispositions form one(a) basis for inequalities in reproductive health and cultural difference (Graham, 2000), and so the distribution of resources within the household, family and community forms an additional layer of differences reflecting inequalities of gender. harmonise to Walby (1997), gender norms and values and the resulting behaviours are affecting health in a ostracize way. Gender can be one of the major obstacles standing between men and women and the achievement of well-being. Women have deplorableer incomes and make seventy-five percent of single pensioner households and are likely to bear inequality in health related to poverty (Scottish Executive, 2003).Walby (2000) writes that the actions of the European Union are special(a) by its primary concern with standard oeuvre whereas women are often employed in non-standard forms such as part-time and temporary employment and thus many women do not benefit from its regulations. She went on to let off the extent to which the family form involves women as housewives or lenders. This is therefore more interlocking than the use of gender norms because the unalike types not only by different types of values but also by the form of the welfare state.Gender as well as socio-economic position mediates exposure to material, psychosocial and behavioral risks (Annandale and lead 2000 1996) Men have traditionally been open(a) to the industrial injuries associated with skilled manual(a) work yet women experience the disadvantages of contributing to affective disorder, poor legal residence environment with heavy childcare responsibiliti es as well as low levels of social support since most women if they are employed, they are on low pay. Women bear extensive caring and nurturing responsibilities and a higher prevalence of poverty. According to Wobbe (2003) stress of making ends meet impacts the health of women leading to mental health illnesses. He explains that enforced childbearing, overwork and poorer get at to food compared to men meant that womens career expectance in society was affected more than mens.According to Graham (2000) ,only females are exposed to problems relating to menstruation, pregnancy, abortion, miscarriage, childbirth and lactation. It is only women who experience breast or cervical cancer or pelvic inflammatory disorder. (Lorber ,2000) says only men are at risk of prostate cancer, impotence or problems related to vacectomies. But, some(prenominal) sexes can experience infertility. Girls and women are at risk of more wide-ranging and serious sexual reproductive health problems than boys and men (Connell 2002).Gender ground inequalities in health cut across and interact with class inequalities (Scott 1988)Thus, health problems such as iron deficiency, anaemia which is common among women, among the poor and in rural areas can result in highly class-specific patterns of reproductive unwholesomeness and mortality among women. However males do have an excess mortality persist through to later vivification. They are at risk of dying in childhood and adulthood from diseases such as partiality attacks and strokes. Townsend and Davidson (198248) writes The gap in life expectancy between men and women is the most distinctive feature of human health in the advanced society. The death of men in different social classes is in most cases double that of women leading to the accumulative health inequalities between the sexes. Gender and class therefore exert highly significant but different influences on the quality and duration of life in modern society. Connell (1987, 1995, 2002) analyses gender and health and writes that men was often activated to feminism. Men was socialized into the sex-role system in ways which even though they were oppressive to women, they developed men in distorted ways as emotionally repressed and power lie thus put men at greater risk of early death through self-destruction and heart disease. Feminist ideologies expressed through by rights and health oriented womens organizations aim at promoting the sexual and reproductive health go and restrictions on contraception methods that are thought to violate religious norms. Inequalities in access result from the denial of family planning services to the unmarried especially in the African culture and from take aimments that married women must obtain their husbands consent among otherwise restrictions.Annandale and Hunt (2000) say It is hard to argue that male-female mortality difference are statistical artifact. They suggest that female excess morbidity is socially constructe d. incisive social pressure to conform to accepted ideals of masculinity therefore leads men to deny illness out of fear that it displays weakness and are less(prenominal) prepared to report symptoms or use health services compared to women. health care professionals are faced with challenging social attitude to continue and manage risk factors to ensure they do not lead to continuing health problems later in life. So professionals have a role in the prevention of abuse by taking challenging actions and exempt violence and abusive behaviour that reinforce the gender stereotypes and underpin domestic help abuse in women. Women need to be provided with appropriate response which is part of the high quality care that should be delivered. Professionals should feel confident, have access to training, support and adequate information to enable them to support women experiencing domestic abuse. (NHS Lothian, 2000) Professionals should be aware and able to recognize signs of potential abuse in women. They should reply to women in a supportive way and listen to them. The World health Organisation (2000) say the goals of Gender and Womens Health Department are to increase health professionals awareness of the role of gender and inequality in perpetuating abuse, disease and death with the view to eliminate gender as a parapet to good health. The Department of Health (2000) aims to develop an begin to satiate into estimate performance management between health authorities about key health issues so as to make targets based on gender specific principles. Females and males think and act differently as a consequences of their acculturation and of the gendered society (Walby 2004). The challenge still stands that healthy communities which recognize inequalities should be reinforced and achieved by understanding social issues, changing they way things are through and accepting that the needs of people must be at the heart of everything a professional does.Working w ith individuals is vital on the part of health professionals and it is their commerce to make service users welcome and comfortable especially the one-to-one support which should be client centred. Since women experience child birth, it is the health professionals duty to held the pregnant woman focusing on her individual needs and lodge in making her understand more about her health care and be able to make decisions about childbirth and caring for her baby. Women often approach health care professionals for help because they need up-to date advice on breastfeeding, unharmed foods, because the decisions made at the start of a babys life require esthesia and understanding, thus mothers need reassurance and whence the need for health professionals to work with individuals. scour those women who might have suffered domestic abuse, it is essential to work closely with them one by one reflecting on what happened and how best they can be assisted. When working with men as individu als, it should not only allow themselves to chew up more openly about their problems, but helps the health professional to find out more about mens psychological ill health. Since most of them will be clinically down(p) and the sense of isolation will be profound as they will not be talking to anyone about their concerns or feelings. Thus, health care should be accessible, approachable and achievable for everyone (Department of Health 2000).Working with group as stated by Drummomd (2000), it is essential to work with and understand the views of men and women of the local anesthetic community for health promotions. The professionals should think laterally and work in low-pitched companies where men are under pressure. Services according to Drummond should be in youth centres, unemployment centres and many small groups in the community. The development of local strategical partnership offers opportunities or health authorities and local authority to discuss health issues. To build healthy communities, professionals need to work with local men and women by bringing them into partnership within the locality in which services are placed, working within a context of dialogue that leads to action. five-year-old men are an especially different group to reach because they are not interested in the long-term results of an unhealthy lifestyle but can be persuaded to consider the immediate impact of current ill-health hence the need to change the way health is marketed. (Deville-Almond 2008) it is vital to work with comrade support groups such as the prostate cancer a liberality which offers men the opportunity to talk to other men to reduce doubt when discussing symptom thereby promoting autonomy.Townsend and Davidson(1988) states Inequalities exist also in the utilization of health services, particularly and most worryingly of the preventive services. According to the Health Promotion, women access health services more regularly and it is much easier for health professionals to claver women. Robinson, a community learning consultant explains that if health professionals are to work with men, they must go where they are thereby being flexible I delivering services. She further says that if one is a female professional she should not oscillate to go and work in a working mens club and talk about health issues as this would improve the younger mens health. The Department of Health (2000) argues that services should be sensitive to mens concerns and attitudes. The Health Department Agency (2001) says there should be more mens health clinics, telephone and online services should be developed since most men prefer the anonymity of such services. Opening hours should submit into report card the commitment of people who work full-time. The role of occupational health services should be strengthened. Mens health needs should be taken into account by the local authority community thus providing the opportunity to take an over acting view of ineq ualities of all kinds.This essay has shown that women and men plowshare many similar health challenges and the differences are such that the health women deserve particular attention. Even though women live longer men because of biologic and behavioural advantages, their longer lives might not be healthy lives because of the biological and social processes they go through which carry health crisis and therefore require health care. Gender inequalities in health are therefore socially governed and thus actionable. Even in health, biology is not destiny, Sex and society, character and nurture, chromosomes and environments interact to determine who is well or ill, who is treated or not, who is exposed or vulnerable to ill-health and whose health needs are acknowledged or dismissed (Equal Opportunities Commission 2002).

Transportation and Distribution Management

Transportation and Distribution ManagementTransportations and dispersion industry plays an alpha role in bridging the gap between the producer and the consumer. Forms of expatriate get fitted include air, water, rail and land. The bewitch industry is one(a) of the driving forces for stinting development. The terms of emigration is a major cost that all pisseds in this industry would like to reduce (Markowitz, 2011). The economic benefits of trim down expat cost be nonable and ar a direct way of alter profits for any firm. According to Hines (2004) the question of how to reduce these cost take a breather one of the everlastingly explored by many deificationation firms. Each firm desires to develop an effective strategy to reduce the costs.Distributions is important since it ensures production and necessitate are in balanced thus it is an important part of the economy. despicable products from producers to the consumers regionally, nationally and internationally ca n account for more than than half of the summation cost of the products. Therefore, the management of have a bun in the ovenation and scattering should focus on the economic aspects (Rodrigue, et al. 2010). Efficiency and effectiveness of the transport system is vital in reducing the costs. Subsequently, management of the operations includes analysis of the costs of anything involved. Operations administration is carried break depending on the nature of the products or function that the organization is dealing in. backchat and AnalysisOn 31 November 1981, I and five early(a) partners came together and initiated a privately own a transport accompany nimble demesne transport Ltd. The company provides innovative, cost effective and reliable transportation of food products. Swift world transport Ltd specializes in food products despatch and carriage between various states and towns. After realizing that an opportunity exists in arrange of food products, we launched a strat egy to fill the void. Our trucks and carriers deliver food products to one destination and re fling with an some other load to another destination. The company desires not only to meet customers expectations but also to go through it every time. Currently we have over 500 trucks operating somewhat five states. Since transport costs account for a considerable package of the selling price of food products, we put emphasis on reservation smart economic decision (Rodrigue, et al. 2010).Swift world transport Ltd. Deals with a wide range of food products. The products range from cereals, soft drinks, biscuits and cookies, baked goods, correct meals and frozen foods. former(a) products that we transport in smaller quantities include dairy products, honey and seafood. Swift world transport Ltd. Is ISO-certified and will be celebrating 30 years in existence late this year. Though the company began from debase beginnings, it has grown to be one of the market leaders in transportation of food products. It has more than 300 employees and is strategically located with its head side in New York. Swift world transport Ltd retains integrity and abides by the rules and regulations in the transport industry (Markowitz, 2011).At Swift world transport Ltd we value the customers thus we use the latest technology and equipments in use the products to meet customers needs of quality. We have refrigeration services to keep perishable products from being spoilt. The ministry of health officials has approved our warehouses as true(p) for storage of edible products. Our trucks are monitored via satellite hence we have an break free billing system (Rodrigue, et al. 2010). Swift world transport Ltd. Has trinity main incisions. The first department deals with the transport infrastructure. These include the trucks and the sea vessels. The bite department includes the food handling facilities such as refrigerators and warehouses. Finally, the last department ensures that there is always adequate release of the products depending on the choose.Physical distribution involves the transportation of the food products from the various sources to the customers. The manager directing the physical distribution has the responsibility of assessing and manipulateling the cost of transport. He is also charged with the responsibility of ensuring the about efficient way of storing them. This in some cases may ask warehouses hence inventory control. A manager should thus ensure that the ripe(p) goods arrive at the proper destination in the right causality and to the correct client. As explained by Halldorsson et al. (2003) the goods should be in the right quantity.The transportation strategy choose by the Swift world transport Ltd swiftly responds to all aspects of our operations with priority on customers and providers. The strategy acknowledges customer requirements as an important aspect of all its activities. The offer chain is a involves endeavor of prod ucts from suppliers to the customer. The transportation activities should focus on meeting customer needs. Transportation and incumbrance must therefore progress according to the timings (Rodrigue, et al. 2010). Customers require that products be delivered at their premises on a particular day and time. This needs to be accomplished in order to provide customer satisfaction. Being able to meet these deadlines has given Swift world transport Ltd a agonistic advantage over other firms. The size of our firm also causes our customers to commit in our ability to be reliable. They believe that small firms are not reliable. Comparing per manikinance is important for the firm to know how well our strategies are working (Larson, Halldorsson, 2004). In order to remain economically sound, we measure our expenses every now and then in order to have tight control over them. Estimation of general expenses and freight costs assists the company in budgeting.A supply chain is a system that bring s organizations, people, information and other resources in bridging the gap by ensuring that goods and services move from supplier to consumers. append chains ensure that goods are delivered to the end user. The management of a supply chain involves planning and management of activities ranging from sourcing, procurement and the logistics. At Swift world transport Ltd. coordination and collaboration with the suppliers and customers and other third party service providers is our priority. The company has created a supply chain that integrates all activities with the main responsibility of linking our suppliers and the customers (Rodrigue, et al. 2010). A model of a supply chain begins from receiving the products from producers and suppliers and ends with the delivering to the consumer. Swift world transport Ltd adopted the model whose framework is developed on business processes that are not only nonplus firm but also cross functional. A team manages the cross-functional processes with representatives from purchasing, finance, logistics and research and development (Halldorsson, et al. 2003). Since each process interacts with customers and suppliers at some point, customer relations and suppliers relations form an important part in the supply chain. The company must see the right decision when moving products from one point to the other. Distributing products faster and chintzily leads to high profits and more satisfied customers. In order to do this, Swift world transport Ltd stays informed on the period trend within the industry. For illustration, most companies are moving in the Confederate states because where doing business is more cost effective. The company has been analyzing facts and trying to make a decision whether to move south.In 1990, Swift world transport Ltd. adopted the supply chain management (SCM). This was adopted after realization that most food products require integration of many business processes, from the original supplier to t he customer (Halldorsson, et al. 2003). The suppliers provide the company with products, services and important information that bring up our business. SCM enables us to exchange information with other stakeholders regarding market fluctuation. After realizing the impressiveness of information, we adapted the SCM to enable us access relevant information. This is made manageable since all the companies in the supply chain help optimize the inbuilt chain. The company can therefore plan its distribution activities better hence leading to customer satisfaction. In addition, incorporation of SCM leads to reduction of controversy (Hines, 2004). This is because the competition is not from one company to the other but on supply chain and supply chain.The aim of supply chain management is to uphold customer satisfaction by using the available resources efficiently. It seeks to keep the demand and supply at equilibrium. Since many food products are perishable, it pays to liaise with prod ucers to belittle bottlenecks. The products are obtained from farmers and suppliers at the lowest cost (Hines, 2004). Transporting is followed by distribution and in the long run delivering the products to customer markets.ConclusionOne of the main challenges that Swift world transport Ltd faces is the presence of over-crowding in our road system. The causes of congestion come from higher requirement for mobility, which many times go beyond the facilities that support it. Other causes can be random events like accidents, which normally disrupts the flow of vehicles. congestion is not only present on the roads, concentration of traffic is ascertained even on maritime transport. This is so common especially in terms of weight. Traffic concentration is causing many problems at the ports. In the past few decades, international trade has been experiencing higher growth than the world-wide economy resulting in congestion at the ports. Congestion has the effect of delaying products on the road hence causing late Deliveries. Late deliveries in turn lead to loss if business opportunities and dissatisfied customers.RecommendationAs a major stakeholder in the transport industry, we have joint hands with other like-minded firms to put pressure on government to build more road network. A transport policy that will provide solutions to congestion problems should be developed. This requires long term planning to build of more roads and ports in order to ease the congestion. States with port facility should apply for grants from the national government in order to improve their inadequate facilities. These are the solutions to preventing the constant congestion.

Current Macroeconomic Environment And Policy Of Australia Economics Essay

topical Macro stinting Environment And policy Of Australia frugal science EssayA sinewy economy displays characteristics of maximizing suppuration as well as familiar and external balance whilst minimising inflation, contradictory debts and liabilities.There atomic number 18 various policies in Australia governing the macro stinting science including Fiscal and Mo clearary policies. both these policies influence the economy by altering unite demand. In the remainder tercet years, since the incursion of global monetary Crisis, Australia has applied both expansionary monetary and monetary policies to plus aggregate demand. There seems to be a general agreement amongst the economists with regards to the success of the monetary form _or_ system of regimen implemented. However the only general consensus with regards to the proceedsiveness of the monetary policy is that there is no consensus.Key macroeconomic indicatorsAustralias macroeconomic wellness kindred as th e hiatus of the existence is governed by factors of Gross domesticated result(gross domestic product),unemployment, footing fluctuations, total nations in begin do per year, amuse dictates, inflation, authorities spend, task system, ex transmute grazes, Consumer Price baron(cost-of-living index), consumer reference point, foreign trades and value of currency. As oppose to Microeconomics, Macroeconomics deals with totals or aggregates.Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product (gross domestic product), is the single best amount of a nations economic wellbeing. It measures the total value of goods and service of processs produced in a state of matter in one single year (Liu,EC 5103 lecture notes,2009).gross domestic product = use of goods and serve + Investment + giving medication Spending + Net export.There atomic number 18 three approaches to calculating GDPExpenditure approach calculates the final spending on goods and services.Product approach calculates the merc flipise value of goods and services.Income approach sums the income received by all producers in the country.Problems with using GDP alone as a measure of economic wellbeing is that by itself, GDP does not throw off any information on income distribution in the country nor takes into draw the resolution of negative externalities on economic growth much(prenominal) as pollution or the effect of positive externalities such(prenominal) as health and education( work Economist, n.d).Taxes and involution judge influence GDP over cadence. Non economic factors influencing GDP include war, drought, natural and man made disasters.Figure 1. Australia GDP growth put- Period 2006-2010 reservoirhttp//www.tradingeconomics.com/political economy/GDPGrowth.aspx? attribute=AUDixzz0i0dpV4ucConf_2009.htmConsumer Price IndexThe best price index measure is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). CPI is used to calculate the inflation roam and is in any case a measure of the change in cost o f living over sentence.Business steering wheelFluctuations in economic activity over a period of time are reflected in the business cycle.Figure 2 Business bending Different stages of economy over a period of timeSource http//www.thebluecollarinvestor.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2008/11/business-cycle-graph-better.jpgThe growth rate of Real Gross Domestic Product is used for measuring the fluctuations in the business cycle.Economists argue that higher(prenominal) occupy rates can motivate the households for savings, and supply more loanable bullion in the market, in form of bank deposits. Increased savings results in reducing foreign dependence which in turn accelerates economic growth due to higher investments. McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) cited in Shrestha, M. B., Chowdhury, K. 2005, further assert that higher existent please rate in addition helps channel the capital to the nigh cost-effective industries and help development and technological advancement leading to economic growth.The aforementioned(prenominal) reiterates the fact that both pecuniary and monetary policies are used to glint out the business cycle.Commodity Prices and contendOne of the winder contributors to Australias economic condition is the inter internal economic activities in crabby the commodity prices which is reflected in the Terms of sight i.e. ratio of exports to imports prices (White, 1994). Since Australias export of commodities is large and the import is comparatively stable, the world economy trades more with Australia hence strong Term of trading is one of the key reasons for an extend in standard of living in Australia. The recent rise in global commodity prices due to add-on demand in China and a drop in the price of imports mainly from China has allowed Australia to achieve a higher Term of Trade above its average.In 2005 Australia entered into an agreement with the US on Free Trade (Australian US free Trade Agreement- AUSFTA). Other countries that eat FTA with Australia include tender Zealand, Singapore, China, Japan, Malaysia and South Korea (Travel Document System, n.d).Farm takingsFarm output in addition appears to be a key de circumstanceinant of the economic activity of Australia. This is influenced by factors such as drought. For instance, the major drought of 1980s was one of the key contributors to the disparities between the growth in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and Australia (White, 1994).Government spendingGovernment spending in infrastructure such as water, transport, telecommunication, education and health are aimed to expand Australias supply capacity such as plans to improve irrigation infrastructure and buy back unused water allocation a foresightful the Murray-Darling river.Environment climate changeClimate change must also be mentioned in this context. A report licenced by the former Howard government recommended a domestic carbon expelling scheme emphasi zing that Australia should arrive at an active role in developing a global carbon emissions trading scheme. The Rudd government aims to expose a carbon trading system by 2011 and reduce emissions by 5% by 2020 (from 2000 levels).Interest RatesInterest rate is delimitate as the percentage rate per annum that a borrower comprises to the lender or the bills rate which is the rate charged on overnight loans between the pecuniary intermediaries. Interest rate has a negative effect on the silver demand as shown below.Australia is a price-taker in global capital markets, so the Australian interest rates move with the global financial market trends. Interest rates are generally higher in Australia and new-sprung(prenominal) Zealand compared to the international standards largely due to strong financial policies relative to opposite developed countries (Kirchner, 2007, p. 11-15).In Australia, the Reserve swan (RBA) determines the interest rate. It does so by changing the amount of money supplied, in other words by altering the equilibrium quantity of money supplied and money demanded. Australias interest rate is currently at 4.0 percent according to the data published by the Trading Economics in March 2010.Table 1. As at 31.03.2010, Australia has the highest interest rate amongst developed countries.The Reserve Bank of Australia4%Bank of Canada0.25%Bank of England0.5%Bank of Japan0.1%European Central Bank1%Federal Reserve0.25%Swiss National Bank0.25%Source http//www.fxstreet.com/ of import/interest-rates-table/Figure 3. A graphical demonstration of the effect of change in money supply on the interest rate.SourceSource (Liu, EC 5103 supplementary notes, 2009)Figure 4. Australias Interest Rate- Period 2000-2010Source http//www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Unemploymentrate.aspx? symbolization=AUDixzz0i0ejiErmUnemployment rateUnemployment rate refers to the % labour force that are unemployed and actively pursuing a job. The unemployment rate is negatively re lated to the real GDP i.e. falling GDP results in an increase in unemployment and vice versa. As at January 2010 based on data published by Trading Economics the unemployment rate is 5.30 percent.Figure 5. Australia unemployment rateSourcehttp//www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Unemploymentrate.aspx? image=AUDixzz0i0ejiErm fanfare rateInflation rate refers to the % rate of increase in the average level of prices measured against a standard level of purchasing in the economy. According to the latest figures published by the Trading Economics the Inflation rate was 2.10 percent in declination 2009. Inflation rate is best reflected in the CPI or the GDP deflator.Figure 6. Australia Inflation rate based on CPI- Period 2008-2010Source http//www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/InflationCPI.aspx?Symbol=AUDixzz0i0eRh6VHConsumer creditOne of the major contributing factors that led to the recent orbicular Financial Crisis was the lack of regulation with relation to consumer credit originat ing in the get together States. Money for institutions to borrow and lend was easily accessible which eventuated in sub-prime mortgages and what has come to be known as NINJA loans (No Income No Job or Assets). This virulent debt was then sold globally by various hedge funds. Although affected by the rest of the world finished the freezing of credit markets, Australia has managed to go on in relatively stable position in compare to the rest of the major economies. This, in part, can be attributed to the regulations enforced by the Consumer Credit Code ( auxiliary 1). Constant reviews and amendments of macroeconomic policy in relation to consumer credit regulation have contributed to Australias robust financial system in comparison to the majority of other developed nations1.Gold and Foreign Currency militiaThe Reserve bank of Australia (RBA) has the responsibility of owning and managing the foreign currency and reserves for Australia2. On average, countries hold 10 per cent of their reserves in gold, although the proportion varies astray from one country to another. The Reserve Bank of Australia holds just 80 tones of gold, or 6 per cent of its total foreign reserves. The bank sold wad its gold holdings in 1997 and its reserves are now largely held in US Treasuries and other government bonds. The reserves are used, when required, to keep the Australian dollar steady in times of volatility. (Bourlioufas,N. 2008).Several reasons exist for the decrease in gold holdings for Australia such asLack of income that it producesThe cost of terminus/securityInability to put value behind the Australian Dollar.Appendix 2 displays the RBAs current reserve holdings for 2009/2010. The amounts are dis vie in Australian dollars and are subject to movement based on current exchange rates.tax income (GST)One of the many aspects in taxation is the Goods and service Tax (GST), which is a value added tax on the supply of goods and services in Australia. Until the innova tion of the GST, Australia operated a Wholesale Sales Tax (WST), which imposed a tax on wholesale of goods. The GST was introduced to bridge the unfair tax gaps between service based businesses and suppliers of goods (GST Australia, 2009). In Australia the GST is levied at a flat 10%, which is put in from the buyer, which shifts the demand curve overcomeward by the size of the tax, which effectively manner both buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax (Mankiw, 2008).National income and outputMeasures of national income and output are used as an estimate of total economic activity by including Gross domestic profit, gross national product, and net national income. Each of these aspects is in relation with the total amount of goods and services indoors a country. The National income and output values are of grandness for a variety of users such as the Reserve bank, academics, and private as well as the Australian government to allow the government to make interventions into the economy based off current and accurate information, as well. (Australia position of Statistics, 2008)Macroeconomic Policies in AustraliaThe goals of economic policy makers areMaintaining real GDP growth constant and positiveMaintaining unemployment rate lowMinimising inflationThe most important contributor to the economic growth is aggregate demand (effecting GDP). Both monetary and fiscal policies effect aggregate demand. How is this game being played? Should RBA consider a looser fiscal policy when determining interest rates? Or should the government consider the possibility of a rate cut off when deciding on fiscal stimulus?Aggregate Demand (AD= C+I+G+NX) is effected by factors such as detonating device investment dilateRise/fall of exchange rateConsumer expand in a country that Australia has trade agreement withA boom in housing marketA share price sort outUnexpected cut/rise in interest rate fiscal policy monetary Policy through the effect of the exchange rate influenc es the economy. Exchange rates also influence the inflation which in turn affects the trade (export and import).Exchange rates are influenced by factors such as commodity prices and interest rates. This reiterates how the determinants of macroeconomics are intertwined.Monetary policy is set by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to influence the supply (availability) of money and credit within the economy in an effort to nominate growth and stabilise the financial system. Monetary policy influences the interest rates through purchasing and interchange of government bonds.When RBA purchases government bonds to increase runniness, it results a lower interest rate and lower unemployment. During the periods of high inflation, RBA sells government bonds resulting in an increase in interest rates. Effects of monetary policies areIn goldbrick(p) term, a secretive monetary policy results in a decrease in the prices of Goods and Services as well as higher disposable incomes hence an in crease in the households demands.In long term, household demands decrease due to decreased income and increased unemployment.Reserve Bank Act 1959 establishes the objectives of the monetary policies3.Fiscal PolicyFiscal policy targets both consumption and capital spending. It influences economic activities through government budget. The budget is announced yearly in may stating the government Revenue (T) and Expenditure (G). By varying the amount of spending, a fiscal policy may achieve one of the followingFiscal surplus- when GFiscal deficit- when TBalanced budget- when T=GWhen government wishes to stimulate economic growth, it applies an expansionary fiscal policy through increase in government spending and tax cuts which in turn increase consumption and investment. On the contrary, if government decides to slow down the economy, it applies a contractionary fiscal policy. orbicular Financial Crisis and Australias ResponseDeteriorating housing market in the US was the trigger to the fire of GFC in the world. Banks tightened lending policies credit became more expensive and this led to a restrained aggregate demand resulting in washyness in world economic activity.The policies of governments around the world in response to GFC were aimed to address these weaknesses. Since the onset of GFC in 2007 Australia has responded by conducting monetary and fiscal policies. Both Short term and long term implications of these policies have to be considered to determine their effectiveness psychoanalysis of Australias Monetary Policy in response to GFCDuring the GFC, expansionary monetary policies were implemented in Australia in response to the contraction in aggregate demand. RBA increased liquidity through multiple purchases of government bonds resulting in a decrease in interest rate through shifting the LM curve down and IS curve left.Figure 7. Shifts in LM and IS curve reflecting on the interest rateSource http//www.rba.gov.au/econ-compet/2009/pdf/second-prize.pd fThe lower interest rate led to a decrease in cost of borrowing which resulted in lower bonus for saving and ultimately led to an increase in consumption which resulted in the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right (figure 8).Figure 8. Expansionary Monetary Policy and its effect on Aggregate DemandSource http//www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/briggsp/Macroeconomics/Chap_34_MonetaryFiscal.pdf analysis of Australias Fiscal Policy in response to GFCThe $42 billion economic stimulus plan of Rudd government between December 2008 and February 2009was intend to stimulate aggregate demand (Treasury, 2009). The focus of this packet was mostly on investment in infrastructure which was predicted to have a larger effect on the economy in long run than in short run (Australian Government, 2010). It also provided incentives to housing as well as money bonuses to stimulate consumption in short run.The inherent weakness of such cash bonuses is where mint save their bonuses instead of spending i t. Figures published by ABS demonstrate that immediately later the stimulus payments were made, there was a gigantic hit on spending by Australians households but this slowed down after 3 months (Insider retailing, 2010).According to the latest figures published by Trading Economics on 03.03.2010 and ABS, Australias economy grew at the fastest pace in the last quarter in almost 2 years. Table 2 demonstrates whatsoever of these figures published in this report.Table2 Australias economic figures March 2010.Percent Increase/ step-down %Comparison PeriodGDP 0.9 last fundamentGrowth 2.7Last YearCurrent Account 19 to $17,459 b at December 2009September 2009Machinery Equipment spending 10.9Last QuarterHouseholds spending1.8Last QuarterUnemployment rate to 5.3Last 11 monthsAustralian Dollar against $US and British25 year high against BritishInterest rate by 0.25Source http//www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDPGrowth.aspx?Symbol=AUDixzz0i0diuCw6 Also http//abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/emailpro tected/mf/5302.0/Economists believe that the primal reason for Australias Economic slaying is Rudds Government stimulus package as well as increase in export however the widened key out deficit of 19% in December 2009 figures is mainly due to an increase in imports. One of the consequences of this is expected to be a 1.3% decrease in Australias GDP therefore the recovery period is going to be weak (Market watch, 2010).Figure 9.Effect of fiscal stimulus on real GDP (forecasts from May 2009 Budget)Source http//www.treasury.gov.au/documents/1686/HTML/docshell.asp?URL=Australian_Business_Economists_Annual_Forecasting_Conf_2009.htmThe unemployment rate has dropped by 5.3% and the number of people employed has increased by 52700. This will put more blackjack on RBA to increase interest (The Australian, n.d).Figure10. Effect of fiscal stimulus on the unemployment rate (forecasts from May 2009 Budget)Sourcehttp//www.treasury.gov.au/documents/1686/HTML/docshell.asp?URL=Australian_Busines s_Economists_Annual_ForecastingTreasury secretaire Ken Henry warns of the adverse shocks to financial markets despite the fact that GFC seems to have passed. Further more he explains that fiscal circumstances improve as the economy strengthens. As the economy strengthens, other things being equal, there is increase upward pressure on prices and monetary responses to that (The Australian, n.d).In his book The enceinte Crash of 2008, the economic advisor Ross Garnaut, warns Kevin Rudd of hard times beforehand in terms of lower living standards and economic wellbeing as a result of stimulus response to GFC (The Australian, October2009). Garnauts point of view is also shared by many other economists who consider the stimulus package a dangerous revival of a discredited Keynesianism which focuses on the short term aggregate spending as the source of growth in the economy. Some point out that fiscal policies result in an interest rate rise which has a crowding out effect on the expans ion due to export and import. Hence they argue the ineffectuality of Australias fiscal policy. The supporters of Stimulus package on the other hand argue that the spending avoided further economic contraction at the right time boosting consumers and businesss dominance and hence avoiding a recession. They also argue back with regards to trade get by pointed above, in the sense that Australias trade share is 47% of GDP which is little than the 60% quoted in previous studies as a benchmark of ineffectiveness of fiscal stimulus. They therefore argue that because of the lower trade share the fiscal stimulus has been effective in Australia (The Australian, n.d).Irving Fischer, the renowned American economist contributed to the economics in many trends one of which is his theory of Inter-Temporal Choice, which describes that through time savings, interest rates and investments are related(The Australian, n.d.). His theory highlights that present economic decisions have to have the p rox in mind4.DiscussionThere has been change magnitude concern amongst the economists in Australia about the sustainability of the fiscal policy in particular with regards to a solution for the current government deficit of $17.459 billion (Table 1).Australia has had ambitious times in maintaining a stable economic condition. The recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC) that started in 2007 imposed great pressure on the economy. save implementation of the fiscal and monetary policies achieved a better than expected performance by the economy (Budget, 2009-10), with forecasts of stronger growth and lower unemployment.Rudds Stimulus package through its fiscal expansionary characteristics seems to have been an appropriate response to the GFC in stabilizing the output levels however there is great concerns regarding the future of the economy.Did our politicians throw in a Keynesian based fiscal stimulus package without consideration of future consequences of it? Was there any vote buying elements incorporated in the invention of it?There is a general consensus amongst the economists on the effectiveness of lowering interest rates as a monetary response to GFC by RBA which was also assisted by a depreciated exchange rate.On the other hand the fiscal policy has generated a lot of debate amongst the economists with no consensus on its effectiveness in sight. This is mainly due to the long lasting effect of the fiscal stimulus as oppose to short term, temporary and more reversible effect of the monetary stimulus.Kevin Rudds Fiscal stimulation concentrated on aggregate spending in short term to boost economic growth as per the Keynesian model. This has been proven to be the case in Australia however the unproductiveness of this large scale spending and the deficit resulting from it is far from a perfect economic condition.Does Kevin Rudd share the thought with John Maynard Keynes of in the long run we are all dead? If so are we, the Australian people supposed to suffer the consequences of his 17 billion dollars debt through our taxes, higher interest rates and higher inflation? If Irving Fisher was existent and if he was with Kevin Rudd when he was signing on the stimulus package, perhaps he would have reminded the prime minister that although his short term fiscal stimulus policy would increase public spending, it would show no regards to achieving long term high standard of living for Australian people. The side set up of the fiscal cash out includeIncreasing future taxes to pay for the debtsHigher interestLikelihood of inflation (as history shows us that the easiest way out of public debt has traditionally involved money creation).So was Kevin Rudds outsize night out worth the next days hangover of a budget deficit that adds to public debts which would further drain the economy? Or has the government designed an appropriate fiscal rebalancing strategy that it hasnt shared with Australian public yet?

A Good Neighbor Essay -- Public Relations Essays

A Good live When it came epoch to write a Presentation paper for my Comm 235 course on a conjunctions human existences relations political platform, I was able to write on the single Ive played a key role in growth for my phoner. unneeded to say, I liked the opportunity to brag a little. U.S. assemblage, Inc. is a oecumenical contractor managing residential, commercial, and road construction projects across South Carolina. In a field not known for having good community relations, U.S. Group has positive a reality relations program to keep the humankind communicate about its five multi-million dollar road construction projects claim avenue 802 in Beaufort, the interchange of U.S. Route 378 and I-26 in Columbia, College Park passageway in Ladson, State Route 219 in Newberry, and the interchange of U.S. Route 17-A and I-26 in Summerville. The associations creation relations program centers around one-third get downes order uni verse communication theory, media communications, and the use of the net to supplement its public and media communications, and is overseen by an on-staff public relations specialist working out of the companys Lowcountry regional office in Summerville. With a background in advertising, political, and Internet communication, Earl Capps, the companys public relations specialist, manages the companys public and media communications program. Greg Cook, the companys Lowcountry regional Manager, describes the program as map of the companys Good live philosophy towards community relations, whose verifiable at to keep the public much informed, reduce conflicts by being more pro-active in the release of information, and improve the image of U.S. Group (Cook). contract public communications ... ...ys Austin (Austin). While U.S. Groups approach to public relations may not yet be the average in the road construction industry, the motoring public can proportionality advise d the company remains committed to its public relations program as part of its Good Neighbor philosophy. SOURCES CITEDAustin, Robin. South Carolina Department of Transportation, dealings plan office. telecommunicate interview on 20 June 2003. Capps, Earl. Media Coordinator, U.S. Group, Inc. Personal narrative. Cook, Greg, P.E. Regional Manager, U.S. Group, Inc. Email interviews on 19 June 2003, and follow-up in-person interview on 20 June 2003. Hicks, Jim. Chairman, Beaufort County Planning Commission. Email interview on 17 June 2003. RCIO itinerary wrench Information Online. http//www.collegeparkroad.com, http//www.sc802.com, and other project websites. U.S. Group, Inc. A Good Neighbor Essay -- Public Relations EssaysA Good Neighbor When it came time to write a Presentation paper for my Comm 235 course on a companys public relations program, I was able to write on the one Ive played a key role in developing for my company. Needless to say , I liked the opportunity to brag a little. U.S. Group, Inc. is a general contractor managing residential, commercial, and road construction projects across South Carolina. In a field not known for having good community relations, U.S. Group has developed a public relations program to keep the public informed about its five multi-million dollar road construction projects State Route 802 in Beaufort, the interchange of U.S. Route 378 and I-26 in Columbia, College Park Road in Ladson, State Route 219 in Newberry, and the interchange of U.S. Route 17-A and I-26 in Summerville. The companys public relations program centers around three approaches direct public communications, media communications, and the use of the Internet to supplement its public and media communications, and is overseen by an on-staff public relations specialist working out of the companys Lowcountry regional office in Summerville. With a background in advertising, political, and Internet c ommunication, Earl Capps, the companys public relations specialist, manages the companys public and media communications program. Greg Cook, the companys Lowcountry Regional Manager, describes the program as part of the companys Good Neighbor philosophy towards community relations, whose objective at to keep the public more informed, reduce conflicts by being more pro-active in the release of information, and improve the image of U.S. Group (Cook).Direct public communications ... ...ys Austin (Austin). While U.S. Groups approach to public relations may not yet be the norm in the road construction industry, the motoring public can rest assured the company remains committed to its public relations program as part of its Good Neighbor philosophy. SOURCES CITEDAustin, Robin. South Carolina Department of Transportation, Traffic Engineering office. Email interview on 20 June 2003. Capps, Earl. Media Coordinator, U.S. Group, Inc. Personal narrative. Cook, Greg, P.E. Regio nal Manager, U.S. Group, Inc. Email interviews on 19 June 2003, and follow-up in-person interview on 20 June 2003. Hicks, Jim. Chairman, Beaufort County Planning Commission. Email interview on 17 June 2003. RCIO Road Construction Information Online. http//www.collegeparkroad.com, http//www.sc802.com, and other project websites. U.S. Group, Inc.